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Hepatitis B
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
The treatment aim of this 48-week subcutaneous treatment is a hepatitis B viral load of <2000 and ideally hepatitis BeAg to antibody conversion. Peginterferon is also the only available therapy for patients infected with hepatitis delta virus (HDV).
Human Hepatitis Viruses A and B as Etiological Agents of a Hemorrhagic State
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
This group includes, first, the two best-characterized viruses, hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). A defective virus, dependent for its replication and survival on HBV, is the Delta hepatitis virus (HDV). A diverse, relatively poorly characterized group of at least three remaining hepatitis viruses are classified together under the cumbersome and unfortunate collective term of non-A-non-B hepatitis viruses (NANBV).
Interferon Alpha
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Jason Grebely, Gregory Dore, William Sievert
HDV is a defective or incomplete RNA virus that depends on HBV encapsidation to complete its life cycle; therefore, delta hepatitis occurs only in patients co-infected with HBV infection. HDV infection is common in areas of endemic HBV infection (Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia and China) and has been associated with injection drug use (Gish et al., 2013; Abbas et al., 2010). HDV prevalence ranges from 7% in northern Europe (Cross et al., 2008) to as high as 70% in areas of Africa, South America and the Middle East (Makuwa et al., 2009; Viana et al., 2005; Somi et al., 2009). Epidemiological studies are limited by a lack of national screening programs in many countries.
Hepatitis delta coinfection in persons with HIV: misdiagnosis and disease burden in Italy
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2023
Giuseppina Brancaccio, Milensu Shanyinde, Massimo Puoti, Giovanni B. Gaeta, Antonella D’ARMINIO Monforte, Alessandra Vergori, Stefano Rusconi, Antonio Mazzarelli, Antonella Castagna, Andrea Antinori, Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri
Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) is a small defective RNA virus, which needs human polymerase to replicate and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface protein to generate the complete transmissible virion [1]. It shares the main routes of transmission with HIV, HBV and HCV, so dual or multiple coinfections are not rare in subjects exposed to parenteral or sexual risks [2]. The prevalence of HBV/HDV coinfection varies among different areas in the world, due to the presence of clusters in East Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Asia, resulting in a heterogeneous epidemiological and clinical picture [3,4]. Recent meta-analyses estimate a global prevalence of HDV infection between 40 and 60 million chronically infected individuals [5–7]; however, population estimates remain uncertain due to under-diagnose of HDV infection. In Europe, the prevalence of HDV infection has decreased in clinical settings over the last two decades, mainly due the extensive vaccination campaigns against HBV that deprived the virus of its biological background; however, a reemergence has been noticed in various countries in recent years due to the immigration from endemic areas [4,8–11].
Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for hepatitis B and hepatitis C coinfection
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Given similar modes of transmission, HBV/HCV coinfection can be seen in highly endemic areas and amongst individuals with a high risk of parenteral transmission [3,4]. HBV/HCV coinfected individuals may also test positive for HIV given shared transmission routes [5]. Patients with HBV/HCV coinfection have accelerated liver disease progression with an increased risk of HCC compared to those with either infection alone [6]. Furthermore, HBV/HCV coinfected patients with hepatitis delta (HDV) superinfection have an increased risk of liver-related morbidity and mortality [7,8]. Hence, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of HBV/HCV coinfected individuals should be a priority. Although all major guidelines support anti-viral treatment in this group, optimal regimens remain unknown and is dependent on the individual’s virological interactions.
Changing indications for liver transplant: slow decline of hepatitis viruses in Italy
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2020
Giuseppina Brancaccio, Alessandro Vitale, Giuseppe Signoriello, Giovanni B. Gaeta, Umberto Cillo
In Europe and in the U.S. a decline in transplants due to HCV infection has been noted while non-viral causes emerged, particularly non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcohol [8–10]. In contrast, transplants for chronic hepatitis B virus infection remained stable over time in Europe [8]. The rate of HBV carriers is decreasing in Italy due to the extensive vaccination campaign started in 1991 [11]. At present, most of HBV patients with significant liver disease are treated with oral nucleos(t)ide analogues that suppress viral replication thus halting disease progression towards decompensation but do not protect against the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [12]; in addition, HBV suppression has no or little influence on liver disease progression in patients with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) coinfection [13].