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Published in Ken Addley, MCQs, MEQs and OSPEs in Occupational Medicine, 2023
Best fit. Hepatitis A vaccine is inactivated hepatitis A virus grown on diploid human cells and may be given in pregnancy if clinically indicated. It is also available in combination with hepatitis B. Inactivated quadrivalent flu vaccine contains two type A and two type B strains. Varicella vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine and is contraindicated in pregnancy. Even having completed a full course of tetanus vaccination (five doses), an adult’s immunity may wane over time and boosters may be considered every 10 years.
Biobased Products for Viral Diseases
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Gleice Ribeiro Orasmo, Giovanna Morghanna Barbosa do Nascimento, Maria Gabrielly de Alcântara Oliveira, Jéssica Missilany da Costa
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease that can lead to permanent liver damage, hepatocellular carcinoma and death. The currently available treatment with interferon plus ribavirin has limited benefits due to adverse side effects such as anemia, depression, fatigue and flu-like symptoms. Although there is an effective vaccine against the hepatitis B virus (HBV), chronic infection poses an enormous health burden to the world (Hoofnagle 1990).
Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
The cause of hepatocellular carcinoma is primarily cirrhosis of the liver. However, the presence of the hepatitis B virus increases risks by 100 times in people who carry HBV. The risk factors include alcoholic cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, and chronic HCV infection. In some areas of the world, hepatocellular carcinoma is of higher incidence because of ingesting foods that are contaminated with fungal aflatoxins. Liver cancer in diabetic patients may be related to medications being taken to control blood glucose. People with type 2 diabetes may develop fatty liver, which is a trigger for cirrhosis, fibrosis, and cancer. Fatty liver disease is the most common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, people with type 1 diabetes do not have an increased risk of liver cancer.
The rising threat of illicit amphetamine-type stimulant use among methadone maintenance treatment patients in East Coast Malaysia: a retrospective observational study
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2023
Halim Ismail, Hanis Ahmad, Aishah Sanef, Winda Shahabudin, Naiemy Reffin, David Chan, Dzualkmal Dawam, Fathulzhafran Hanan, Mahani Nordin, Luqman Sahar, Khairuddin Daud, Kuzakuwan T Bongsu, Faeiz Syezri, Harith Mustapa
Sociodemographic and social network information were directly extracted from the form used during the routine medical examination. Social networking information was related to the interpersonal aspect, for example, whether anyone in the patient’s social network, such as family members or peers, encouraged or introduced them to ATS during their methadone treatment. Information related to cigarette and alcohol use was obtained from the same form. Current use of cigarettes and alcohol was recorded if evidence of their use was present in the past 12 months (30). Bloodborne infection status was recorded based on the most recent result of a rapid test for HIV, HbsAg (hepatitis B virus surface antigen) for hepatitis B, and anti-HCV for hepatitis C. All patients underwent annual blood screening tests for the three diseases except those who were already seropositive (31). The treatment duration was calculated by dividing the enrollment year into <5 years and ≥5 years, as adapted from a stabilized pattern of treatment retention was achieved after year 5 of enrollment (32). Methadone intake was measured based on the mean daily dose (mg/day) the patients received within the last 12 months and divided into suboptimum dosage (<60 mg/daily) and optimum dosage (≥60 mg/daily). Based on several reports, a suitable methadone dose intake is a minimum of 60 mg daily (33,34).
Modern vaccine strategies for emerging zoonotic viruses
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Atif Ahmed, Muhammad Safdar, Samran Sardar, Sahar Yousaf, Fiza Farooq, Ali Raza, Muhammad Shahid, Kausar Malik, Samia Afzal
Viruses like nanoparticles are gaining the attention of worldwide scientists among other vaccine candidates as they are noninfectious entities, but their antigenic proteins are still highly immunogenic and provoke a humoral immune response in the host [22]. The capsid proteins are expressed in the suitable host, and homotypic interactions of capsid proteins are utilized to generate VLPs. This principle is utilized to produce various vaccines such as the hepatitis B virus vaccine, human papillomavirus vaccine, and hepatitis E vaccine [63]. Additionally, vaccines for the hepatitis C virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, and Norwalk virus are under clinical development [22]. VLPs lack the viral genome; therefore, they are completely safe to administer in the human body having no chance to revert to the virulent phase. Therefore, these vaccines are more reliable and effective than live attenuated and inactivated vaccines and could be administered in immunocompromised individuals [64].
An Overview of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Emphasis on Dietary Products and Herbal Remedies
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Deepa S. Mandlik, Satish K. Mandlik
Numerous methods for improving clinical benefits and improved therapeutic outcomes have been applied. Prevention of alcohol consumption, hepatitis B virus infection vaccine, vitamin D and calcium intake can in many cases prevent HCC, but the disease might not be demolished. There are several HCC-targeted therapies so far containing liver resection, ablative method, orthotopic liver transplantation, interventional therapy, biotherapy therapy, radiotherapy and targeted molecular treatments are available for the treatment of HCC. Moreover, such therapies have their benefits and drawbacks and do not always achieve optimal results for patients (8). More efficient HCC treatment methods are therefore required, in particular some unique targeted agent treatment methods.Chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and combination therapy are among the treatment options for HCC (Figure 2). These medications and surgical techniques are restricted due to adverse effects, resistance to cancerousdrugs, and their challenges.