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Gastroenteritis (Viral)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Gastroenteritis, also called stomach flu, is inflammation of the stomach and intestines, typically resulting from a viral infection. Acute diarrhea and vomiting are most frequently infectious in origin with viral gastroenteritis being the second most common illness in the U.S. It is common in children and presents most often as diarrhea. Symptoms of acute gastroenteritis in adults are pathogen dependent and frequently include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal and headache pain, and fever.1 Gastroenteritis can lead to dehydration, morbidity, and in some countries substantial mortality.
Care of the Hospitalized Child
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Anushree Algotar, Anna Tuttle, Mark R. Corkins
Clear liquids are often used as a method to evaluate whether a child will tolerate EN. These fluids, such as juices and broths, are low in nutrition quality and energy density and typically extend the time before which the child can consume adequate energy and protein. Apart from the use of oral rehydration solutions that are used for the management of acute gastroenteritis, clear-liquid diets should generally be avoided.
Gastrointestinal system
Published in Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge, MCQs in Paediatrics, 2020
Jagdish M. Gupta, John Beveridge
6.20. Which of the following methods of management would you consider appropriate for gastroenteritis?An electrolyte mixture containing 2% glucose for fluid replacement of a 2-year-old infant with 3-5% dehydration.An electrolyte mixture containing 2% lactose for fluid replacement in an infant with mild rotavirus gastroenteritis.Continuation of breast feeding with water between feeds for a 3-month-old baby with mild dehydration and watery diarrhoea containing more than 2% reducing sugars.A normal diet for a 3-year-old child with mild diarrhoea.A low lactose (lactose-hydrolysed milk-based) diet for a 7-month-old breast-fed infant with 8% dehydration and reducing sugar-positive fluid diarrhoea.
Rotavirus vaccines performance: dynamic interdependence of host, pathogen and environment
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Debasish Saha, Martin O.C. Ota, Priya Pereira, Philippe Buchy, Selim Badur
There is no specific treatment for rotaviral diarrhea, but as with other forms of gastroenteritis, treatment is based on addressing dehydration through fluid replacement, either orally, through oral rehydration solutions (ORS), or intravenously, depending on the severity of dehydration [17,18]. Like for all cases of gastroenteritis, zinc supplementation is recommended to reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea [19] and breastfeeding encompasses an important aspect of rehydration therapy as well as nutrition for children under 2 years of age [20]. Prevention of infection remains the cornerstone of effective management of rotaviral disease. The provision of clean water, maintaining hygienic practices like handwashing, and promoting exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months is beneficial to reduce the risk of rotavirus infections. Lastly, rotavirus vaccines are considered to have an acceptable safety profile and are effective in preventing rotavirus gastroenteritis in children [17,21,22]. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes on the use of rotavirus vaccination but together with the scaling-up of both prevention (promotion of early and exclusive breastfeeding, handwashing with soap, improved water, and sanitation) and treatment packages (including low-osmolarity ORS and zinc) [17].
Understanding the relationship between norovirus diversity and immunity
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Lauren A. Ford-Siltz, Kentaro Tohma, Gabriel I. Parra
Human noroviruses are the leading cause of viral gastroenteritis in the modern world, and are implicated in upwards of 200,000 deaths worldwide, primarily in children from developing countries.20,21 In healthy individuals, norovirus causes acute gastroenteritis (diarrhea and vomiting) that resolves within 24–48 hours, with virus shedding typically lasting between 2 and 8 weeks in the stool.22 However, in vulnerable populations (like the elderly, malnourished children, or immunocompromised individuals), the length and severity of disease is increased. Specifically, in immunocompromised individuals, gastroenteritis symptoms and viral shedding can last months or years.23 In addition to the disease burden, norovirus presents a major impact on the global economy, with around 4.2 USD billion in direct health-care costs and an additional 60.3 USD billion in indirect costs, i.e. loss of productivity due to absenteeism of work or morbidity.24
Primary extranodal jejunal diffuse large B cell lymphoma as a diagnostic challenge for intractable emesis: a case report and review of literature
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2019
Linda P Vien, Ashish Bains, Ho-Man Yeung
The acuity of intractable emesis and the nonspecific symptoms of abdominal pain and decreased oral intake without any radiographic evidence of obstruction, as in this case, presented itself as a diagnostic challenge. The cause was initially attributed to gastroenteritis with post-infectious gastroparesis; however, the prolonged hospitalization with lack of symptomatic improvement suggested an alternate underlying cause. Although several factors including his age, radiographic findings of linitis plastica and ascites were highly suggestive of a malignant process, extensive workup did not directly point to a specific diagnosis. The initial CT of the abdomen and pelvis with intravenous contrast commented on mild ileus and diffuse wall thickening and mesenteric edema and abdominal pelvic ascites, but it did not reveal any obstructive masses or enlarged lymph nodes. These findings reassured the clinician and led to an initial diagnosis of gastroenteritis.