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An Overview of Helminthiasis
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Leyla Yurttaș, Betül Kaya Çavușoğlu, Derya Osmaniye, Ulviye Acar Çevik
Diphyllobothrium is a genus of tapeworms which can cause diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriasis is Diphyllobothrium latum, known as the broad or fish tapeworm, or broad fish tapeworm. Diphyllobothrium latum uses humans as a primary host. Most infections are asymptomatic. Stool microscopy for eggs and inspection of stools for the presence of proglottids provides the mainstay of diagnosis, whilst treatment with praziquantel 25 mg/kg as a single dose or niclosamide as a single oral dose of 2 g for adults is effective (Moore and Chiodini 2009, Berman 2012).
Diphyllobothrium, Adenocephalus, and Diplogonoporus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
The diphyllobothriosis cases reported in Taiwan127,128 and Indonesia129 might be due to D. nihonkaiense infection as well, given the history of consuming raw salmon. Three diphyllobothriosis cases have been recently diagnosed in Taiwan in 2016 (personal communication with Prof. Fan). Two cases of D. nihonkaiense infections have been confirmed using molecular diagnostics in Singapore in 2016.130 The D. nihonkaiense infection has also been confirmed in North America,73,190 where the human diphyllobothriosis has long existed, especially in the Pacific coast of Canada and Alaska. However, the etiologic species has not been identified or may have been misdiagnosed as D. latum.
Water-based disease and microbial growth *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Charles P. Gerba, Gordon L. Nichols
Diphyllobothrium spp. are fish tapeworms whose life cycle also involves the water flea Cyclops. Although many carriers are asymptomatic, overt clinical manifestations of diphyllobothriasis can include diarrhea, epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting. Humans acquire the tapeworm through the consumption of raw fish. Although fish tapeworm infections in Arctic and subarctic residents are often attributed to Diphyllobothrium latum, twelve other species infect humans. Diphyllobothriumspp. are implicated in human infections in Scandinavia, western Russia, the Baltic and the Pacific Northwest, throughout the circumpolar area and in northern communities bordering the Pacific. Larvae of D. dendriticum occur predominantly in salmonid fishes (e.g. Arctic char, salmon, trout, whitefish). The usual intermediate hosts of D. latum are pike and perch, but only rarely salmonids. D. ursi and D. klebanovskii occur predominantly in Pacific salmon, and D. dalliae in Alaskan blackfish. Diphyllobothrium ova are excreted in the faeces of infected people.
Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis: an emerging concern in western countries?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Florence Robert-Gangneux, Brice Autier, Jean-Pierre Gangneux
Diagnosis of diphyllobothriosis relies on morphological analysis of proglottids of worm fragments emitted with stools: they are trapezoidal, with a central uterine pore and a rosette-shaped uterus. Eggs can be found by microscopic examination of stools. They are ovoid, operculate, with a thin tainted shell, and unembryonated at emission. Length of eggs can vary depending on the species [8]. However, morphological characteristics do not allow to identify the parasite at the species level, but only as Diphyllobothriid. For species identification, sequencing of a mitochondrial marker like the cox1 gene is needed [16].