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An Overview of Helminthiasis
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
Leyla Yurttaș, Betül Kaya Çavușoğlu, Derya Osmaniye, Ulviye Acar Çevik
Diphyllobothrium is a genus of tapeworms which can cause diphyllobothriasis in humans through consumption of raw or undercooked fish. The principal species causing diphyllobothriasis is Diphyllobothrium latum, known as the broad or fish tapeworm, or broad fish tapeworm. Diphyllobothrium latum uses humans as a primary host. Most infections are asymptomatic. Stool microscopy for eggs and inspection of stools for the presence of proglottids provides the mainstay of diagnosis, whilst treatment with praziquantel 25 mg/kg as a single dose or niclosamide as a single oral dose of 2 g for adults is effective (Moore and Chiodini 2009, Berman 2012).
Diphyllobothrium, Adenocephalus, and Diplogonoporus
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
In regions that have endemic foci of diphyllobothriosis, where sanitary conditions and sewerage systems have been not adequately established, sewage treatment including fecal treatment is an important control measure to avoid the transmission of eggs and contamination of the freshwater environments such as lakes where the life cycles of D. latum and D. dendriticum are sustained.126 Improvements in infrastructure could break the life cycle and reduce the incidence of Diphyllobothrium infections in fish and the definitive hosts. From public health points of view, given that the majority of the public are generally unaware of the risk of Diphyllobothrium infection associated with the consumption of raw fish, they may be prone to diphyllobothriosis. Therefore, information regarding diphyllobothriosis and warnings of the potential risks associated with the infection should be disseminated to consumers, food producers, food handlers, restaurant owners, and physicians.124 Knowledge on the risky fish species, a simple inspection method, and proper preventive measures are imperative for food safety.8
Water-based disease and microbial growth *
Published in Jamie Bartram, Rachel Baum, Peter A. Coclanis, David M. Gute, David Kay, Stéphanie McFadyen, Katherine Pond, William Robertson, Michael J. Rouse, Routledge Handbook of Water and Health, 2015
Charles P. Gerba, Gordon L. Nichols
Diphyllobothrium spp. are fish tapeworms whose life cycle also involves the water flea Cyclops. Although many carriers are asymptomatic, overt clinical manifestations of diphyllobothriasis can include diarrhea, epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting. Humans acquire the tapeworm through the consumption of raw fish. Although fish tapeworm infections in Arctic and subarctic residents are often attributed to Diphyllobothrium latum, twelve other species infect humans. Diphyllobothriumspp. are implicated in human infections in Scandinavia, western Russia, the Baltic and the Pacific Northwest, throughout the circumpolar area and in northern communities bordering the Pacific. Larvae of D. dendriticum occur predominantly in salmonid fishes (e.g. Arctic char, salmon, trout, whitefish). The usual intermediate hosts of D. latum are pike and perch, but only rarely salmonids. D. ursi and D. klebanovskii occur predominantly in Pacific salmon, and D. dalliae in Alaskan blackfish. Diphyllobothrium ova are excreted in the faeces of infected people.
Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis: an emerging concern in western countries?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2019
Florence Robert-Gangneux, Brice Autier, Jean-Pierre Gangneux
These parasites are broad tapeworms, which have a complex life cycle with various definitive hosts over the world (various marine or terrestrial mammals, birds and even reptiles), depending on the genus and species [9]. Overall 16 species from three genera (Adenocephalus, Diphyllobothrium, and Dibothriocephalus), have been recorded from humans [9–12], but only six species are commonly diagnosed in humans, namely Adenocephalus pacificus, Diphyllobothrium balaenopterae, Dibothriocephalus dendriticus, Dibothriocephalus latus, Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis (previously named Diphyllobothrium pacificum, Diplogonoporus balaenopterae, Diphyllobothrium dendriticum, Diphyllobothrium latum and Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense, respectively) and Diphyllobothrium stemmacephalum [9]. The recent taxonomic change which has occurred in 2017, consecutive to the work of Waeschenbach et al. allowed to differentiate species with marine definitive hosts (Diphyllobothrium genus) from species with terrestrial definitive hosts (Dibothriocephalus genus) [9]. Although diphyllobothrioses are zoonoses, D. latus and D. nihonkaiensis to a lesser degree, infect mainly humans as definitive hosts [9].
A review on inactivation methods of Toxoplasma gondii in foods
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Adel Mirza Alizadeh, Sahar Jazaeri, Bahar Shemshadi, Fataneh Hashempour-Baltork, Zahra Sarlak, Zahra Pilevar, Hedayat Hosseini
In many countries, the most common foodborne parasites are protozoa such as Cryptosporidium spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Giardia intestinalis, Sarcocystis (hominis and suihominis), Toxoplasma gondii, roundworms such as Anisakis spp. and Trichinella spp., flatworms such as Fasciola hepatica, Fasciolopsis buski and Paragonimus sppand tapeworms such as Diphyllobothrium spp., Taenia spp. and Echinococcus spp. One common zoonotic parasitic disease worldwide is toxoplasmosis, an infection caused by T. gondii [1].
Fabrication of Niclosamide loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: in vitro characterization and comparative in vivo evaluation
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Maqsood Ur Rehman, Mir Azam Khan, Waheed S. Khan, Muhammad Shafique, Munasib Khan
Niclosamide (NCS) is an oral anthelminthic drug having chemical name 5-chloro-N-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide [8]. NCS is yellowish or yellowish-white, fine crystals, practically insoluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol [9]. NCS is used for five decades against tapeworm infections including Taenia saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum, Taenia solium and Hymenolepis nana infections [10].