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Adnexal Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Hasan Aksoy, Jordan V. Wang, Ayşe Serap Karadağ
Therapeutic options for Demodex folliculitis include topical permethrin 5% cream, topical ivermectin 1% cream, and oral ivermectin. Permethrin cream can be considered as initial treatment, and in recalcitrant cases, oral agents can be added.
Mites
Published in Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard, The Goddard Guide to Arthropods of Medical Importance, Seventh Edition, 2019
Gail Miriam Moraru, Jerome Goddard
Although numerous species of Demodex (family Demodecidae) infest wild and domestic animals, only two species of the mites are specific human-associated mites: follicle mites. These minute, wormlike mites live exclusively in hair follicles or sebaceous glands. They have no proven detrimental effect on humans, although some authors have attributed various pathological conditions of the skin to Demodex and a recent report described “demodectic frost” of the (human) ear from these mites24 in which a patient displayed a frosted appearance of the skin on the ear caused by follicular-based scale. Alexander6 provided a good review of this issue and concluded, “It should be emphasized that, in general, Demodex is a harmless saprophyte. It is only exceptionally that it appears to exercise a pathogenic influence, as, for example, when excessive amounts of cosmetics prepare the ground for its proliferation or when it escapes into the dermis.” Various estimates of the incidence of human Demodex infestation range from about 25–100%, and clinicians should be aware of mite appearance, as they may be seen during skin-scraping examination.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Parasitic Infections in HIV/AIDS
Published in Clay J. Cockerell, Antoanella Calame, Cutaneous Manifestations of HIV Disease, 2012
Molly V. Burns, Clay J. Cockerell
Treatment of conditions associated with the Demodex mites includes topical and oral agents. Good facial hygiene with regular cleansing and avoidance of occlusive agents, such as heavy creams and makeups, is essential to managing these problems. Topically, salicylic acid and retinoids may prove beneficial by promoting desquamation of epidermal cells, which allows quicker shedding of mites and the associated waste products. Topical 1% lindane lotion, 1% gamma benzene hexachloride lotion, 1% permethrin cream rinse, or sulfur has also been used to treat demodicidosis in AIDS patients. Orally, metronidazole may offer clinical benefit, though the exact mechanism is uncertain as mites can tolerate relatively high concentrations of this agent. Other treatments that have been used are similar to those implemented for eosinophilic folliculitis including UV light and retinoids.
In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in Blepharitis Patients with Ocular Demodex Infestation
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
Ayse Yildiz-Tas, Ceyhun Arici, Burak Mergen, Afsun Sahin
Demodex, a type of small parasite mites that affect mammals, was first described in 1841, attracting the attention of many clinicians, especially dermatologists and ophthalmologists, in recent years.3 Two different Demodex types are defined in the human body; D. folliculorum lives in the lash follicles and measures 0.35–0.4 mm in length and D. brevis lives deep in the meibomian glands and the sebaceous glands of the lash, measuring 0.15–0.2 mm in length.4 The rate of Demodex infestation increases with age, being observed in 84% of the general population at age 60 and 100% of this population aged above 70 years.5Demodex infestation related ocular pathologies involves causing direct damage, acting as a vector for bacteria, and inducing delayed hypersensitivity response in ocular immune system.2
Anti-Demodex Effect of Commercial Eyelid Hygiene Products
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2021
There are different brands and products in the market of many countries that can be obtained easily. This is because these products are not licensed for pharmaceuticals; rather, they are licensed under agricultural products, food supplements, medical devices. Therefore, a safety and efficacy audit, which requires a long process from phase 1–4, is not carried out in these products as in drug development stages. For this reason, most eyelid cleansers do not have a definitive proven dosage and ingredient for Demodex treatment. Many companies are trying to launch products with an effective content based on experiences gained in recent years and in information obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies. In our study, in vitro activity of three eyelid cleanser products of the market in Turkey was evaluated. In this way, this study could be a reference for products with similar content in other country markets.
Non‐pharmaceutical treatment options for meibomian gland dysfunction
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2020
Lid hygiene is also thought to be important because of the association of Demodex mites with MGD.2018 Long‐term practice of lid hygiene is necessary in individuals with Demodex infestation as it is a chronic condition that requires chronic therapy. Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis are thought to be the most common ectoparasites in humans. In the eye, D. folliculorum is found preferentially in the lash follicles and D. brevis in lash sebaceous glands.1981 There is a strong association between ocular demodicosis and ocular surface inflammatory conditions such as blepharitis, chalazia, and keratitis as well as MGD.2019 The pathogenesis of Demodex infestation has remained unclear;2000 however, this is in part because demodicosis has a high age‐dependent prevalence and is present frequently in asymptomatic individuals.2010