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Other Negative Single-Stranded RNA Viruses
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
A specific story is connected with the genus Deltavirus, which is described here, since the RNA genome of its member, hepatitis delta virus (HDV), is single-stranded and negative-sensed. The genus was independent and not governed by any higher taxonomic unit until 2021, but currently it is subjected to the novel Kolmioviridae family of the freshly established realm Ribozyviria. Urban et al. (2021) published a comprehensive review on the present state of the HDV virology, immunology, and newest treatment approaches.
Infectious Disease and Foreign Travel Emergencies
Published in Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan, Emergency Medicine, 2020
Anthony FT Brown, Michael D Cadogan
Causes of hepatitis include: Viruses such as enterically transmitted hepatitis A or E, or parenterally spread hepatitis B, C, D or G, and infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV) or herpes simplex virus (HSV).Toxins and drugs such as alcohol, antibiotics, methyldopa, statins, chlorpromazine, isoniazid and paracetamol (remember the possibility of acute poisoning), herbal medication and Amanita mushrooms.Bacteria such as leptospirosis, or amoebae.
Liver disorders
Published in Rachel U Sidwell, Mike A Thomson, Concise Paediatrics, 2020
Rachel U Sidwell, Mike A Thomson
Hepatitis D virus (delta virus) is an incomplete RNA particle enclosed in the HBsAg. It can only replicate in the presence of hepatitis B infection. Two patterns of infection are seen: super-infection in a person already infected with HBV and co-infection with HBV. Features are similar but more severe with more fulminant hepatitis occurring than in other viral hepatitis. Diagnosis is by detecting IgM antibody to HDVChronic infection is very serious as 70% get cirrhosisα-Interferon therapy causes a remission only
Novel strategies for the development of hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccines and antiviral therapies
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Since the development of DNA vaccine technique, many DNA vaccines have been developed for human viral diseases. These include vaccines for hepatitis B/C/D/E viruses, Ebola virus, dengue viruses, herpes simplex I/II viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, and influenza viruses [123,128]. Several animal models from mice to chimpanzees have proven the effectiveness of producing prophylactic DNA vaccines against numerous viruses. Currently, many DNA vaccines for viral diseases are currently in clinical trials (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). For enterovirus, an EV-A71 VP1 DNA vaccine developed in 2007 has been shown to induce neutralizing activity against EV-A71 in a mouse model [129]. However, later studies have seemed to focus on the development of recombinant chimeric vaccines containing the epitope-encoding fragments in a VLP backbone, and no further study on the ‘classical’ DNA vaccine of enterovirus has been reported.
Current vaccine approaches and emerging strategies against herpes simplex virus (HSV)
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Vindya Nilakshi Wijesinghe, Isra Ahmad Farouk, Nur Zawanah Zabidi, Ashwini Puniyamurti, Wee Sim Choo, Sunil Kumar Lal
HSV-1 and HSV-2 consist of ~100–150 kilobase pair (kbp) linear, double-stranded DNA enclosed in an icosahedral protein capsid composed of 162 capsomeres [11,12]. The virus may reach up to 200 nm in diameter depending on the size of the viral envelope, which consists of 13 distinct glycoproteins [11,13]; where glycoprotein D (gD), glycoprotein B (gB) and glycoprotein H-glycoprotein L complex (gH/gL) act as the primary mediators of host cell entry [14]. The nucleocapsid and glycoprotein-containing envelope is linked via a dense protein layer known as the tegument layer [15], comprising several proteins associated with viral replication and assembly [16]. Despite a nucleotide sequence homology of ~74% [13], different protein compositions of the HSV-1 and HSV-2 viral envelopes create antigenic differences between the two viruses.
Enteroviruses and coronaviruses: similarities and therapeutic targets
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Varpu Marjomäki, Kerttu Kalander, Maarit Hellman, Perttu Permi
The enterovirus genus consists of 15 different species out of which four enterovirus species (EV-A, EV-B, EV-C and EV-D) and three rhinovirus (RV) species (RV-A, RV-B and RV-C) infect humans [6]. Human enterovirus species include over 100 serotypes of echoviruses, polioviruses, Coxsackieviruses and enteroviruses and over 100 serotypes of rhinovirus species, many of which have emerged during the last 10 years [7]. Although poliovirus has been almost eradicated from the world, several non-polioviruses are causing difficult epidemics all around the world, especially enterovirus-D68 belonging to EV-D group, and enterovirus-A71 belonging to EV-A group [8,9]. Enterovirus-A71 causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease and may lead to difficult neurological symptoms [9]. It has caused several difficult outbreaks especially in Asia. Infections by enterovirus-D68 have caused severe pneumonia and even deaths especially in the United States [8]. Human rhinoviruses are the primary causative agent of the common cold worldwide [10]. They cause mostly mild symptoms but can also cause muscle fatigue and headaches.