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Evolutionary Biology of Parasitism
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
One especially relevant example of the importance of host switching and the possibilities for subsequent radiation is provided by malaria parasites (Plasmodium and closely related genera), for which each major clade is associated with a shift in the type of insect vector used (Figure 7.23). Because the biology, abundance, and blood-feeding habits of different groups of vectors vary, each such shift to a new vector would create opportunities to establish new cycles of infection. For example, the adoption of relatively common and mobile biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) as vectors by the ancestors of Parahaemoproteus likely led to extensive diversification of this parasite genus in birds all over the world. Similarly, the adoption of mosquitoes (Culicidae) by the ancestors of Plasmodium parasites has favored the spread of this parasite genus into a huge variety of lizards, birds, and mammals.
Classification and Systematics
Published in Jacques Derek Charlwood, The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, 2019
In the Culicidae in general, and the Anophelinae in particular, many morphological species form species complexes or cryptic species. These are species that generally cannot be separated from one another by morphological features and which are often sympatric (meaning that they occur in the same place).
Mosquitoes (family Culicidae, genera Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes)
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2015
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Mosquitoes comprise the family Culicidae, within the insect order Diptera (the true flies). Mosquitoes are the most important vectors of parasitic diseases. Various mosquito species take blood meals from a wide variety of vertebrate hosts, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and even fish. Although some species are host specific, others have broad host ranges, feeding for instance, on both mammals and birds. There are approximately 3500 described species of mosquitoes that make up two principal subfamilies within family Culicidae. The Culicinae consists of many genera, including two of the most important medically: Culex and Aedes. The Anophelinae consists of three genera, the most medically important of which by far is Anopheles.
Volatile toxin of Limonia acidissima (L.) produced larvicidal, developmental, repellent, and adulticidal toxicity effects on Aedes aegypti (L.)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Muthiah Chellappandian, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Sengodan Karthi, Kandaswamy Kalaivani, Wayne Brian Hunter, Hayssam M. Ali, Mohamed Z. M. Salem, Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
Mosquitoes vectors of pathogens spread lethal and devastating viral diseases worldwide (Gahukar 2012, Thanigaivel et al.2017a). Among all mosquito vectors, the Family: Culicidae (Diptera) contain the majority of dangerous pathogens transmitted which cause disease to the human beings. These comprise malaria, dengue, chikungunya, filariasis, yellow fever, and zika virus (Ghosh et al. 2012, Senthil-Nathan 2019). Of these, dengue is the foremost human arboviral infection threating half of the world’s population (Kraemer et al.2015, Edwin et al.2016a). Thus, dengue is ranked as the most significant mosquito-borne viral disease across all nations (WHO 2014). The mosquito, Aedes aegypti Linn, is considered the primary arthropod vector, responsible for the rapid spread of dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever (Thanigaivel et al.2012, Edwin et al.2016a).
Larvicidal and pupicidal evaluation of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Aquilaria sinensis and Pogostemon cablin essential oils against dengue and zika viruses vector Aedes albopictus mosquito and its histopathological analysis
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Hassan Ga’al, Hatem Fouad, Guofeng Mao, Jiaxin Tian, Mo Jianchu
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are the primary vectors of several serious diseases that affect both animals and humans [1]. They play an important role in the transmission of parasites and pathogens of high public health concerns including malaria, dengue, filariasis, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and Zika virus [2,3]. Aedes albopictus is considered to be one of the world’s fastest spreading invasive animal species and it originates from the forests of tropical regions of south-east Asia [4]. This mosquito has recently invaded many countries, spreading rapidly to Europe, North and South America, the Caribbean, Africa and the Middle East [5]. The Aedes albopictus is known to have transmitted a number of serious diseases including dengue fever, yellow fever, West Nile fever and Rift Valley fever, Japanese encephalitis [6] as well as Zika virus fever [7].
Culiseta annulata – just a biting nuisance or a deadly foe?
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
But what do we really know about the ability of other – overlooked – mosquito species that can vector potentially carcinogenic agents? Recently, patients presenting to a small UK pain clinic who reported a history of cancer were asked if they were prone to mosquito bites, and many said they were “plagued” by them. One patient stated during the taking of a case history that he had three instances of cancer and that in his opinion mosquitoes were the cause. The patient based this claim on a set of symptoms arising within days of being bitten, which matched those of his experiences with cancer (M. Ward, pers. comm.). Therefore, we asked patients to search their gardens and houses for mosquitoes and a total of 12 mosquitoes (including some alive individuals) were brought to the clinic. The largest proportion of the insects were identified as Culiseta annulata (Schrank) (Diptera: Culicidae) [10].