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Introduction to Vaccination
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Nezih Pişkinpaşa, Ömer Faruk Karasakal
At present, there are no DNA vaccines for human use that are confirmed. Even so, there are some veterinary use DNA-based vaccines for West Nile virus in horses (Dauphin and Zientara 2007) and canine melanoma (Atherton et al. 2016) that were approved by the FDA and the USDA. The first clinical trial with DNA vaccines in humans was against HIV. They detected potential immunogenicity, therapeutic, and prophylactic effects. However, there were no significant immune responses (MacGregor et al. 1998). In addition, a study showed that induction of CD8+ T cell responses occurs in the proteins of primates after immunization with a mixture of different Plasmodium falciparum encoding plasmids (Wang 1998).
Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
James A. Mastrianni, Elizabeth A. Harris
Infection:59Primary infection invading basal ganglia structures (i.e. toxoplasmosis, viral encephalitis).Postencephalitic parkinsonism; now rare, mainly reported as encephalitis lethargica followed a worldwide flu epidemic in 1918.HIV infection/AIDS.Prion disease (CJD, GSS).Whipple's disease.SSPE.West Nile virus.60
Out of Nowhere
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
Development of a safe and effective vaccine has been a major research focus. Approaches include vaccines containing cocktails of individual WNV proteins, chimeric vaccines which combine genes from more than one virus into a single vaccine, and DNA vaccines, in which DNA that codes for a particular WNV protein is combined with bacterial DNA with the combined product injected directly into the skin of the vaccinee. Currently, there is no licensed WNV vaccine for people although several have been tested in preliminary clinical trials. In 2005, the US Department of Agriculture licensed a DNA vaccine to prevent equine WNV, and since then, at least four other types of WNV vaccines have been approved for use in horses.
Presumed Post-COVID Infection Retinitis – Clinical and Tomographic Features of Retinitis as a Post-COVID Syndrome
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2023
Apoorva Ayachit, Madan Joshi, Guruprasad Ayachit, Shrinivas Joshi, Priya Shah
In the present series, features of retinitis were similar to that of epidemic retinitis (ER). Kawali et al. introduced the term ER to denote the occurrence of retinitis at the same time as prevalent epidemics and to differentiate it from other sporadic forms of retinitis.20 Since the fever precedes the visual symptoms by several days to weeks, the etiology maybe difficult to pinpoint at the time of presentation. In most cases of ER, antibody tests to dengue, chikungunya, and WFTs must be employed to denote indirect evidence of past infection.21 Kawali et al. have reported ER in 225 eyes comprising chikungunya (22.2%), dengue (15.38%), and rickettsia (39.75%). Retinitis lesions have also been described in West Nile virus fever by Sivakumar et al. The diagnosis of WNR needs special ELISA kits and RT-PCR assays.22 Unfortunately, we did not have access to these tests. Notably, in most previous series of ER,9,20,23 the diagnosis was based on presence of IgG and/or IgM antibodies to the presumed etiological agents. Criteria for clinical diagnosis included cotton wool spot-like lesions (retinitis patches) around disc and posterior pole. Ocular symptoms were noted at a mean of 18.6 days after fever in the series.23 This is in concurrence with our study.
Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Brain Injury, 2020
Tzy Harn Chua, Zheyu Xu, Nicolas Kon Kam King
Of 15 patients with CSF tested, eight (53.3%) were abnormal (27,28,34,35,37). 25.0% (two out of eight) of the abnormal CSFs had elevated protein levels with normal cell count (27,37). Four (50.0%) out of eight had elevated cell count (28,34,35). One (8.3%) out of 12 CSFs was positive for COVID-19 (28). Four (26.7%) CSFs were sent for bacterial culture and were all negative (30,32,34). CSFs were sent for herpes simplex virus testing in four (26.7%) patients (27,28,30,35) and were all negative. CSF was sent for varicella zoster virus testing in two (13.3%) patients (28,30) and both were negative. One patient (6.7%) (30) was tested for West Nile virus while another patient (6.7%) (27) was tested for cytomegalovirus and respiratory syncytial virus; the CSFs were negative. Two (13.3%) patients were negative for unspecified viral pathogens (34). Oligoclonal bands with the same pattern in serum were reported in two (13.3%) patients (37). Investigation for other sources of pathogen in the CSF was not reported in three studies (29,31,33).
New avenues for therapeutic discovery against West Nile virus
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2020
Alessandro Sinigaglia, Elektra Peta, Silvia Riccetti, Luisa Barzon
No WNV vaccines have been approved for use in humans so far [2,3]. At variance, inactivated vaccines, a canarypox-vectored vaccine expressing WNV prM/E, and a live chimera vaccine, generated from the YFV vaccine backbone and expressing WNV prM/E structural proteins (ChimeriVax-WN), have been licensed for use in horses [2,3]. ChimeriVax-WN was recalled from the market in 2010 because it was associated with severe anaphylactic reactions in horses due to an excipient in the vaccine. Several vaccine candidates for prevention of WNV infection in humans have been developed, using different technological platforms, and some have been tested in phase I and phase II clinical trials [2–9]. Vaccine candidates that have been tested in humans and nonhuman primates include hydrogen peroxide and formaldehyde inactivated whole virus vaccines (Hydrovax-001 and Inactivated WNV, respectively) [9], live, attenuated chimeric vaccines, i.e., ChimeriVax-WN02 [4–6] and rWN/DEN4Δ30 [7], a recombinant truncated E-protein vaccine [10,11], and DNA plasmid vaccines expressing WNV prM/E [8]. Next-generation adjuvants have been successfully used to improve the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of WNV vaccines in preclinical studies [12–14]. The results achieved so far in vaccine development are promising and support further research to generate an effective vaccine for human use. Issues that need to be addressed in vaccine development are the immunological cross-reactivity between flaviviruses and the associated risk of infection enhancement [3].