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Thermal Imaging in Detection of Fever for Infectious Diseases
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
Fever is one of the common symptoms of illness for communicable and infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). With the outbreak of SARS in the year 2003 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the need for a fever screening system is irrefutable for effective handling of these health emergencies, especially in populous countries (J. Zhang, Liu, and Zhu 2021). Conventional body temperature-measuring devices such as clinical thermometers which can provide accurate measurement are often contact-based and cannot be used for fever screening of large groups of people (Piccinini, Martinelli, and Carbonaro 2021). Thermal imaging has now become a valuable tool in the rapid fever screening after the recent outbreak of COVID-19. This chapter explains the application of thermal imaging in the detection of fever in individuals in public places as well as illustrates the measurement protocol to be followed for the correct estimation of body temperature for proper containment of infectious diseases.
Detection Assays and Techniques Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Shahzad Sharif, Maham Saeed, Javed Hussain Shah, Sajjad Hussain, Ahmad Adnan, Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz
Contact tracing is a procedure of identifying, analyzing, and managing individuals who have encountered an infectious disease to restrict the further spread of disease. If implemented gradually, contact tracing can break the strings of the prevalence of infection and hence, is an important public health measure for monitoring infectious disease outbursts. Contact tracing for coronavirus disease needs tracing people who might have encountered COVID-19 and monitoring them regularly for 2 weeks (14 days) from the last day of the encounter.
Basic Research Design:
Published in Lynne M. Bianchi, Research during Medical Residency, 2022
Lynne M. Bianchi, Luke J. Rosielle, Justin Puller, Kristin Juhasz
Some case reports and case series are the first to describe a new disease or treatment and lead to major advances in the medical field. The first descriptions of patients with the disease ultimately identified as HIV/AIDS is a frequently cited example of how case reports lead to the identification of an emerging disease. Similarly, some of the earliest descriptions of symptoms and treatment approaches for the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were found in case reports and case series. Early case reports on HIV/AIDS and COVID-19 led to large-scale studies that revealed underlying mechanisms and treatments for these diseases. Thus, case studies often serve as the starting point for further research.
Mathematical modeling of corona virus (COVID-19) and stability analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Zain Ul Abadin Zafar, Nigar Ali, Mustafa Inc, Zahir Shah, Samina Younas
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causesit, World Health Organization (WHO) 2020). This disease was spread in Wuhan in 2019 and now it is spread globally and has been declared as pandemic by WHO (Hui et al. 2020; WHO Director General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 2020). These cases were spread in the city of Wuhan as well as in the different cities of China. Due to its spreading in Wuhan in 2019, this virus called the Wuhan corona-virus. It is highly transmissible from human to human. In this article, we focus on presenting and suggesting the mathematical analysis of the spread of such disease and discuss some divination with real world-data. Furthermore, the virus spread to North America, Europe and the Asia. The symptoms of corona disease usually take 2 to 14 days. The following are the symptoms of corona disease: coughing, the fever and difficulty in breathing. The death rate due to corona (COVID-19) is rising from 5 to 15 percent (Coronavirus (COVID-19), Mortality Rate (MR) 2020). This calculation was based on age group and other severe health problems. The cause of spreading this virus is the close contact respiratory droplets which are producing due to cough or sneeze (QA on coronaviruses World Health Organization 2020; Coronavirus Disease 2019).
Long COVID [post-acute sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019]: experimental drugs for cardiopulmonary complications
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Fabio Angeli, Paolo Verdecchia, Gianpaolo Reboldi
After recovery from the acute phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a variable proportion of subjects may continue to present symptoms. Such a condition is generally referred to as ‘Long COVID,’ ‘post-acute sequelae of COVID-19,’ ‘chronic COVID-19,’ ‘post-COVID syndrome,’ or ‘post-COVID conditions.’ It is characterized by symptom clusters which occur or continue at a distance of at least 3 months after the acute infection [1]. Such constellation of symptoms is not explained by alternative diagnoses and exerts a significant impact on quality of life. In a meta-analysis of 54 clinical studies and 2 medical record databases, 6.2% of subjects experienced at least one of a predetermined set of 3 post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 symptom constellation (including fatigue, neurocognitive dysfunction, and respiratory symptoms) [1]. More specifically, the fatigue, respiratory, and cognitive clusters occur in 51.0%, 60.4%, and 35.4% of Long COVID cases, respectively [2]. Importantly, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 is not associated with active viral infection and transmissibility.
A decision framework model for hospital selection in COVID-19 pandemic: A FIS approach
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2023
Naveen Jain, Manish R. K. Sahu, A. R. Singh, Prateek Sharma
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The COVID-19 outbreak in the Wuhan district of China soon spread to different parts of the world. During the outbreak, there was no proper guideline for the treatment of patients and the doctors put their heart and soul to fight this pandemic and tried to save as many lives as possible. In developed countries, the death rate due to pandemics was very high during the first and second peaks. India being a developing country lacks proper health facilities and medical infrastructure to fight this pandemic. India faced the second peak of the pandemic during mid of March 2021 and it almost lasted for 2 months. In these two months, many people were infected with the virus and were admitted to hospitals for treatment. It was the time when people understood the fact that hospitals and doctors can provide them with the proper treatment and can save their lives. Thus the selection of a hospital with all modern facilities and qualified medical staff proved to be vital for the patients. However, selecting the hospital requires establishing essential criteria for evaluation. In this work, a literature review has been done to find the most essential criteria a hospital should possess for treating coronavirus patients.