China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Published in S Paige Hertweck, Maggie L Dwiggins, Clinical Protocols in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2022
Kimberly Huhmann, Andrea Zuckerman
Hepatitis B and C: Screen at entry of care and as needed based on risk thereafter.Hepatitis B vaccine recommended if patient does not have chronic hepatitis B and/or is not immune.
Order Blubervirales: Surface Protein
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
GenHevac B was the first approved preS-, namely pre-S2-containing hepatitis B vaccine. It was generated in 1993 by the Pasteur Mérieux Connaught (France) via expression of full-length nonreconstructed M and S genes. GenVac B was produced in mammalian cells and contained both M and S proteins. This vaccine showed good efficacy for therapeutic vaccination in chronic hepatitis B patients, with or without combination with interferon-α (Senturk et al. 2002, 2009).
Answers
Published in John D Firth, Professor Ian Gilmore, MRCP Part 2 Self-Assessment, 2018
John D Firth, Professor Ian Gilmore
Primary HBV infection in susceptible hosts can either be symptomatic or asymptomatic, the latter being commoner. Most primary infections in adults are self-limiting, but 5% do not resolve and develop into persistent infection. Asymptomatic chronic HBV carriers have normal aminotransferase levels and normal or near normal liver biopsies. Patients with chronic hepatitis B have abnormal liver function tests and histological abnormalities on liver biopsy. Cirrhosis will develop in about 20% of patients with chronic hepatitis B.
CpG DNA-triggered upregulation of TLR9 expression affects apoptosis and immune responses in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells isolated from chronic hepatitis B patients
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Bin Zhu, Tianbao Wang, Xiaoxia Wei, Yancai Zhou, Jiansheng Li
Human peripheral blood was obtained from three healthy donors aged 45.6 ± 5.23 (two males and one female) and three chronic hepatitis B patients aged 47.2 ± 3.68 (two males and one female) in The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University with the approval of Health Ethic Committee (No.2016–09-11). Inclusion criteria: patients with chronic hepatitis B had different degrees of systemic fatigue, fatigue, loss of appetite and jaundice, and were diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B by liver function, histological diagnosis, hepatitis B virus markers and hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV-DNA). The diagnosis of patients with chronic hepatitis B was consistent with the “relevant diagnostic criteria of chronic hepatitis” in the Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B. Exclusion criteria: patients who were positive for HBeAg and anti-Hbe; patients co-infected with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, or human immunodeficiency virus, hepatic decomposition; patients who had other liver diseases (alcohol liver disease, fatty liver, autoimmune liver disease, metabolic liver disease, or liver cancer), or fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver which was determined by transient elastography. This study conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided written informed consent before the participation into the study.
Duration of immunogenicity of high-dose and prolonged-schedule hepatitis B vaccine among patients with chronic kidney disease: A one year follow-up study in China
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Yujie Han, Na Cao, Xiaoxiao Lu, Tian Yao, Jing Shi, Yuanting Wu, Shuang Dong, Zhihong Shao, Jianmin Wang, Hongting Liu, Hongping Guo, Guowei Chai, Liming Liu, Fuzhen Wang, Yongliang Feng, Xiaofeng Liang, Suping Wang
Data from longitudinal studies of healthy adults after a standard vaccination regimen indicated that a decrease in the anti-HBs concentrations to less than 10 mIU/mL is not considered a loss of protection in these immunocompetent individuals due to the role of immunological memory [33]. Despite the waning concentration of anti-HBs, a full primary course of hepatitis B vaccine confers protection against acute clinical disease and chronic hepatitis B infection for long periods of time [33]. A previous study showed that the protective effect of anti-HBs in responders after hepatitis B vaccination generally lasts at least 30 years, which is why no follow-up of anti-HBs concentration is needed in a healthy population [20]. In contrast, in CKD patients, the cellular immune response may be impaired when the anti-HBs concentrations are less than 10 mIU/mL, resulting in insufficient protection from HBV infection [34]. Consequently, optimizing the immunization regimen to improve the duration of immunogenicity has become a priority and crucial strategy.
Health care costs related to hepatitis B in Finland are mostly due to chronic infections: a register-based study
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2022
Tanja Nieminen, Heini Salo, Markku Nurhonen, Tuija Leino
However, our study also has some limitations. We could not separate compensated and decompensated cirrhosis nor inactive and active chronic hepatitis B in our evaluations as has been done elsewhere [20–22]. We excluded the liver transplantation costs from this study due to small number of performed hepatitis B-related liver transplantations in Finland. We restricted the analyses of antiviral medication to chronic disease and did not account for acute hepatitis B as the vast majority of newly infected adults recover spontaneously [23,24]. Furthermore, we restricted the evaluation of costs related to chronic hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer to 15, 7, and 2 years, respectively, since register data were not available from each individual from the detection of the disease until death. We based these periods of time on the register data and the typical progression of diseases. For instance, 65% of the hepatitis B-related liver cancer cases died from cancer within 2 years of the cancer detection. Instead, chronic hepatitis B is a persistent disease [5]. In addition, we estimated the average health care resource use by hepatitis B-related outcome of those individuals with valid IDs and full follow-up time excluding those individuals with overlapping health care resource use due to other hepatitis B-related outcome or liver transplantation (Supporting Information, Figure S1). Nevertheless, the estimates on the total annual health care costs were based on the average number of cases in 2004–2012.