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Diarrhea (Acute)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Symptom control is via hydration and antidiarrheal agents (e.g., bismuth subsalicylate [Pepto-Bismol] 2 tablets by mouth every hour as needed or loperamide [Imodium] 4 mg initially, then 2 mg by mouth as needed, maximum 16 mg/day). Do not use anti-diarrrheal agents in the presence of bloody diarrhea (e.g., due to Crohn’s, ulcerative colitis, salmonella, shigella, Campylobacter, or other bacterial infection).6
Personalized Nutrition in Children with Crohn Disease
Published in Nilanjana Maulik, Personalized Nutrition as Medical Therapy for High-Risk Diseases, 2020
Typical symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, anorexia and weight loss. More colonic involvement may lead to more prominent bloody diarrhea. In children and adolescents, weight loss or poor weight gains, impaired linear growth and delayed pubertal development are commonly seen.
Unexplained Fever Associated with Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
In ulcerative colitis the large bowel mucosa either partially or completely becomes inflamed and may undergo ulceration. The disease may be confined to the rectum, or may involve the rectosigmoid and descending colon. Occasionally the transverse colon is affected and rarely the entire colon is diseased. The principal symptom is that of bloody diarrhea, but there may be associated constitutional and extracolonic manifestations.
Oral liposomal delivery of an activatable budesonide prodrug reduces colitis in experimental mice
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Shiyun Xian, Jiabin Zhu, Yuchen Wang, Haihan Song, Hangxiang Wang
Bloody diarrhea is a parameter reflecting the progression of acute enteritis, and higher scores measured by BASO fecal OB-II corresponded with increased symptom severity. DSS-colitis mice had severe bloody stools, with stool occult blood scores >2. Encouragingly, budsome treatment significantly reduced bloody diarrhea and relieved the malignant progression of IBDs (Figure 6(f)). Free budesonide and the prodrug therapy failed to reduce colitis potently. Furthermore, we evaluated the DAI using a 0–4 scoring system for the following parameters: stool consistency, bloody stool, and weight loss (scoring scheme). Budsome-treated mice exhibited lower DAI scores (Figure 6(g)). In contrast, most mice receiving free budesonide and the budesonide prodrug exhibited hair disorder, apathy, loose stools, and bloody stools, suggesting minimum therapeutic effect of clinically approved budesonide when orally delivered.
Campylobacter jejuni permeabilizes the host cell membrane by short chain lysophosphatidylethanolamines
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Xuefeng Cao, Chris H.A. van de Lest, Liane Z.X. Huang, Jos P.M. van Putten, Marc M.S.M. Wösten
We previously showed that the bacterial pathogen Campylobacter jejuni possesses a wide spectrum of LPLs that varies dependent on the environmental conditions.12C. jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial foodborne human gastroenteritis in developed countries.13 Symptomatic infection typically involves intestinal inflammation, fever, and bloody diarrhea.13C. jejuni is supposed to penetrate the intestinal mucus layer, colonize the crypts, and disrupt the epithelial barrier.14 Although C. jejuni possesses a number of virulence factors, such as flagella, proteases, adhesins, type VI secretion system, and cytolethal distending toxin, it lacks traditional virulence factors like type III secretion systems,15 present in most enteropathogens and therefore the molecular basis of C. jejuni infection is still poorly understood.16
Histoplasmosis presenting as colitis and blood dyscrasias in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Dua Noor Butt, Muhamad Sheharyar Warraich, Akshay Machanahalli Balakrishna, Mahmoud Ismayl, Sumbul Liaqat, Kanza Noor Butt, Joseph Thirumalareddy, Manasa Velagapudi
The patient continued to spike fevers as high as 106.8°F despite being on broad-spectrum antibiotics with vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam for several days. Her serum procalcitonin trended up to as high as 110 ng/mL. Her platelet count further dropped to 30 k/mm3, along with a drop in hemoglobin and white blood cell counts to 7 g/dL and 2.5 k/dL, respectively. The patient also continued to have bloody diarrhea, prompting further evaluation with colonoscopy. Gross examination showed patchy areas of ulcerations, inflammation, and polypoid masses. A biopsy of various portions of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the terminal ileum, showed lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, lymphoid hyperplasia, and infiltrates of neutrophils and eosinophils, consistent with inflammatory diarrhea, but the cause was still unclear.