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Respiratory Diseases
Published in Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson, Physical Activity and Rehabilitation in Life-threatening Illness, 2021
Amy J. Litterini, Christopher M. Wilson
Respiratory infections are a major public health concern globally. Pneumonia, a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection of the alveoli, can occur in one or both lungs. Most frequently diagnosed on a chest radiograph, pneumonia is usually defined as community-acquired or hospital-acquired. The most common form of bacterial pneumonia is associated with streptococcus (pneumococcus), while many types of viral pneumonia are associated with pathogens such as influenza and coronavirus. Those at a higher risk for acquiring bacterial pneumonia include older individuals, those recovering from injury, illness, or surgery, those with concurrent medical conditions, and/or individuals with tobacco use disorder. Those with viral pneumonia are at risk of developing bacterial pneumonia. A rarer form of pneumonia, chemical pneumonia, is associated with lung inflammation caused by exposure to liquids, gases, or small particles.
Radiology of Infectious Diseases and Their Potential Mimics in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Jocelyn A. Luongo, Boris Shapiro, Orlando A. Ortiz, Douglas S. Katz
Bacterial pneumonia presents with fever, cough, dyspnea, and can be divided into three main radiologic patterns. The causative organism generally determines what type of pneumonia results. However, the host immune response and various other undetermined factors also play a role in the clinical and radiologic manifestations of pneumonia.
Bacterial Pneumonia of Infants and Children
Published in Lourdes R. Laraya-Cuasay, Walter T. Hughes, Interstitial Lung Diseases in Children, 2019
Bacterial pneumonia is an inflammatory process of the lung which may involve interstitial tissue and/or pleura at some point in its evolution but by definition always progresses to alveolar consolidation with inflammatory cells and bacteria.1
Ligand-based design and synthesis of N'-Benzylidene-3,4-dimethoxybenzohydrazide derivatives as potential antimicrobial agents; evaluation by in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches with SAR studies
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Rogy R. Ezz Eldin, Marwa A. Saleh, Mohammad Hayal Alotaibi, Reem K. Alsuair, Yahya A. Alzahrani, Feras A. Alshehri, Amany F. Mohamed, Shaimaa M. Hafez, Azza Ali Althoqapy, Seham K. Khirala, Mona M. Amin, Yousuf A. F, Azza H. AbdElwahab, Mohamed S. Alesawy, Ayman Abo Elmaaty, Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
Mostly, humans coexist peacefully with the microorganisms that surround them. But, when the immune system is compromised or pathogen concentrations reach a critically high density, an infection may occur1. The considerable efforts devoted to microbial diseases diagnosis and treatment during the past 50 years have driven spectacular gains. Hence, a range of therapeutic intervention strategies was introduced for clinical practice2. Besides, many studies have looked over likely correlations between gut microbiota and intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, and Crohn’s disease3. Moreover, bacterial pneumonia was possibly the main cause of death among the elderly, until the mid-twenty century. However, mortality rates from bacterial infections have been lowered by ameliorated sanitation, vaccines, and antibiotics4. As strategies to curb bacterial infections in humans progressed, fungi became one of the most hazardous pathogens. Yeasts and moulds are now among the top ten pathogens frequently isolated from patients in intensive care units1,5.
Lactic acid bacteria: prominent player in the fight against human pathogens
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Ujjayni B. Saha, Sunil D. Saroj
Lactobacilli delivery resulted in a 2 log reduction in P.aeruginosa (PA) lung burdens 4 hours after infection, which was linked to lower IL-6 and TNF- production in BALs. By controlling cytokine release, LB strengthened the immune system, resulting in higher PA clearance [125]. (Table 3). Bacterial pneumonia is a serious condition that can be deadly. It can induce sepsis and is difficult to treat when caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. The Gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most common cause of nosocomial infections. The antagonist immunomodulatory effects of L. plantarum CIRM653 and K. pneumoniae have been documented in vivo in one study. Lactobacilli may have a distal influence on infections through modulating the immune system in the host, according to their research [126] (Table 3).
Protective effects of Re-yan-ning mixture on Streptococcus pneumonia in rats based on network pharmacology
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Lizhu Han, Jing Kou, Kunxia Hu, Yunlan Wang, Zhishu Tang, Zhisheng Wu, Xiao Song
Pneumonia refers to inflammation of the terminal airway, alveolar and interstitial lung, and can be caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, atypical pathogens and the inhalation of foreign bodies (Ho and Ip 2019; McLaughlin et al. 2019). Bacterial pneumonia is the most common form of pneumonia and one of the most common infectious diseases (Voiriot et al. 2019). Before the use of antibiotics, bacterial pneumonia posed a great threat to the health of children and the elderly. However, in recent years, despite the use of powerful antibiotics and effective vaccines, the overall mortality rate of pneumonia has not changed. Streptococcus pneumonia is a Gram positive bacterium, usually located in the nasopharyngeal cavity of healthy people. It may cause disease when immunity declines, especially in children <5 years old and in those ≥60 years (Poole and Clark 2020). Streptococcus pneumonia is the main cause of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis worldwide, which can lead to bacteraemia, acute otitis media, bronchitis and other diseases. Pneumococcal infection can be treated with penicillin, cephalosporin, etc. Chinese Streptococcus pneumonia is highly resistant to macrolide antibacterial drugs. Clinical data from Wuhan Hospital in China showed that the resistance rate of Streptococcus pneumonia to clindamycin was 98.28%, and the resistance rate to erythromycin was 97.41% (Jing et al. 2019). It has high sensitivity to ertapenem, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, telithromycin and cefotaxime (Xuan et al. 2019).