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Anisakis
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Accounting for a majority of human cases of anisakidosis, the genus Anisakis (represented by Anisakis simplex sensu sticto and Anisakis pegreffii) is capable of inducing acute gastric/intestinal, ectopic (extraintestinal), and gastroallergic anisakiasis (GAA). While clinical manifestations of gastric/intestinal anisakiasis and ectopic (extraintestinal) anisakiasis are generally mild (abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting), those associated with GAA can be severe and fatal (ranging from urticaria, angioedema, rhinitis, asthma, to anaphylaxis). The latter usually occurs in individuals with previous exposure to Anisakis species who develop heightened IgE-mediated allergic reaction during subsequent encounter [2].
Anisakis, Allergy and the Globalization of Food
Published in Andreas L. Lopata, Food Allergy, 2017
Fiona J. Baird, Yasuyuki Morishima, Hiromu Sugiyama
Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by inadvertent ingestion of larval nematodes, mainly belonging to the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova, found in raw or improperly cooked seafood. The first confirmed cases of anisakiasis in humans were recorded in the Netherlands in 1960 (van Thiel et al. 1960). Five years later, two cases were reported in Japan (Asami et al. 1965). Since the first reports of human anisakiasis, until 1996, 31,575 cases have been reported across 27 countries, including Japan (Takahashi et al. 1998). With the increased popularity of eating undercooked or raw fish dishes, the annual number of anisakiasis cases is expected to increase.
Possible Allergenic Role of Tropomyosin in Patients with Adverse Reactions after Fish Intake
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2018
Juan González-Fernández, Marina Alguacil-Guillén, Carmen Cuéllar, Alvaro Daschner
As explained above, we included only patients who were negative for commercial fish extracts against the offending fish species in every case. If patients were sensitized against Anisakis, acute parasitism (gastric or gastro-allergic anisakiasis) accounting for the described adverse effects of fish was excluded by a cautious history as well as serial measurements of IgE, as previously proposed (Daschner et al., 1999). Further, even if tropomyosin has been shown to be a potential allergen of Anisakis, it is only a minor allergen accounting for only 0–13% of recognition rate in sensitized patients (Asturias et al., 2000). Thus, sensitization against Anisakis due to a previous gastro-allergic anisakiasis episode was not an exclusion criterion, if the new claimed health effects by fish intake were not due to new parasitic episodes. Further, Anisakis-sensitization-associated chronic urticaria is also endemic and patients were included with the described selection criteria, if ongoing urticaria was clinically exacerbated by fish consumption, but not by Anisakis parasitism, as they consumed only frozen or well-cooked fish. Written consent was obtained from all patients studied. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University Hospital La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
IgE-mediated gastroallergic anisakiasis with eosinophilic oesophagitis: a case report
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Philippe Decruyenaere, Beatrice Van de Maele, Eva Hulstaert, Hans Van Vlierberghe, Johan Decruyenaere, Hilde Lapeere
Anisakiasis is a marine food-borne zoonosis resulting from the ingestion of nematodes larvae of the Anisakis genus. Acute gastric anisakiasis is the most prevalent clinical presentation of infection with symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea and vomiting, caused by mucosal adherence or penetration of the nematode. In our case, the patient showed symptoms of acute retrosternal and epigastric pain, nausea and mild fever with radiographically thickening of the gastric and duodenal intestinal wall, probably caused by mucosal adherence of the living larvae. The usual presentation of acute infection is self-limiting as the larvae cannot reproduce in the human body and die within approximately 14 days [3]. Because of the nonspecific and self-limiting symptoms, anisakiasis is often mis- or underdiagnosed [1,3]. The only effective treatment is the endoscopic removal of the living larvae. In a case series of 226 patients, anisakis larvae could be demonstrated in 56.3% of the cases during endoscopy [4]. In this case, no living nematode was visualized on endoscopy. The nematode might have been removed by vomiting or could have proceeded to the lower gastro-intestinal tract. Another clinical entity is a food-induced IgE-mediated allergy, which is caused by an allergic reaction to antigens of the A. simplex [5]. Anisakis is considered the most important hidden food allergen causing urticaria and angioedema in adults, and is thought to be responsible for 8% of acute urticarial rashes and 10% of anaphylaxis previously diagnosed as idiopathic [6,7]. The clinical symptoms range from rhinoconjunctivitis, dermatitis and asthma to acute urticaria, angioedema and anaphylaxis [6]. Our patient showed symptoms of itching and diffuse urticarial papules.
Epidemiology and management of foodborne nematodiasis in the European Union, systematic review 2000–2016
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2018
Marta Serrano-Moliner, María Morales-Suarez-Varela, M. Adela Valero
Anisakiasis is caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes of the Anisakidae family. Humans acquire the infection by eating raw, salted, marinated or undercooked seafood. Human infection is accidental and humans are not suitable hosts for these parasites. No multiplication occurs in human [6].