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Mosquitoes
Published in Jerome Goddard, Public Health Entomology, 2022
Chikungunya fever. Chikungunya (CHIK) is a mosquito-transmitted Alphavirus which is not usually fatal but can cause severe fevers, headaches, fatigue, nausea, and muscle and joint pains.24,25 CHIK may cause excruciatingly painful swelling of the joints in fingers, wrists, back, and ankles. The virus was first isolated during an epidemic in Tanzania where the Swahili word Chikungunya means “that which bends up,” referring to the position patients assume while suffering severe joint pains.25 The virus may be transmitted by Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Ae. polynesiensis (Polynesian islands). The geographic distribution of CHIK has historically included most of Sub-Saharan Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, although the disease is increasing both in incidence and geographic range. There were at least 300,000 cases on Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean during 2005–2006. India suffered an explosive outbreak in 2006 with more than 1.25 million cases. CHIK was found in Italy in 2007.24,26 During 2013–2014, there were thousands of cases reported in the Caribbean and Central, and South America.27 In 2015, there were 896 cases of travel-related CHIK in the United States and one locally acquired case.28 One of the mosquito vectors of CHIK, the Asian tiger mosquito, Ae. albopictus, is extremely abundant in the southern United States, raising fears of widespread outbreaks should local mosquitoes become infected.26
Viral Pathogens: A General Account
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Vinod Joshi, Bennet Angel, Annette Angel, Neelam Yadav, Jagriti Narang
The chikungunya virus is named so as people infected by it cannot walk properly or rather walk stooped due to severe joint pain (arthralgia). The word chikungunya means “to become contorted.” It is widely spread in the African and South East Asian countries, including India. In 2015, America reported 693,489 cases and 146,914 laboratory confirmed cases of chikungunya (WHO website), of which Brazil reported most cases (Fig. 3.3). The disease is characterized by sudden fever, rashes, pain in joints, and nausea. Though the patients are known to recover, yet some may continue to have muscular pain and feel difficulty in walking for months and even years. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are known to transmit this disease in humans. However, some reports suggest birds and monkeys to be reservoir host. At present, there is no chemotherapy or vaccine available against this disease.
Out of Nowhere
Published in Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey, Viral Pandemics, 2020
Rae-Ellen W. Kavey, Allison B. Kavey
Wide distribution of Aedes aegypti, the principal vector of the virus, and other Aedes species has greatly facilitated the spread of the disease. As we learned with yellow fever, A. aegypti is an invasive mosquito species that has adapted well to densely populated urban environments. In addition to mosquito transmission, male-to-female human sexual transmission has increasingly been demonstrated in the US and elsewhere. The globalization of the Zika virus was made possible by the widespread presence in various parts of the world of Aedes vectors and increased human travel that facilitated geographic spread. This globalization of Zika follows that of West Nile, Ebola, dengue, and chikungunya. Its ultimate spread is difficult to predict, but will hopefully be restricted through vigorous preventive measures. On the recommendation of its Emergency Committee on Zika Virus and Observed Increase in Neurological Disorders and Neonatal Malformations, WHO issued a group of recommendations to contain the epidemic.86
No Association Between Interleukin 6 and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms and Dengue Infection: A Case-Control Study
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2023
Barbara Rayssa Correia dos Santos, Ana Caroline Melo dos Santos, Dhayane Magalhaes Bastos, Leandro Douglas Silva Santos, Francyane Adielle de Souza Praxedes, Ithallo Sathio Bessoni Tanabe, Karol Fireman de Farias, Elaine Virginia Martins de Souza Figueiredo
Dengue is an arboviral disease and a public health concern in subtropical and tropical regions (Wilder-Smith et al. 2019). The infection is caused by Dengue virus (DENV), an RNA virus that belongs to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae and has four different serotypes. The main vector of the disease is Aedes aegypti mosquito (Wellekens et al. 2020). DENV infection can be asymptomatic or may progress to severe forms (Jing and Wang 2019). The World Health Organization (WHO) in 1997 proposed a scheme to classify dengue cases which comprises three categories – dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS), however, the difficulty in applying this classification, the WHO established a new classification system dividing dengue cases into dengue without warning signs (DWWS), dengue with warning signs (DWS) and severe dengue (SD) (WHO – World Health Organization 1997, 2009). Brazil is the country in the Americas region with the highest number of dengue cases, 1,467,142 cases (one million four hundred sixty-seven thousand one hundred forty-two) were reported in 2020 and 975.474 in 2021 (Pan American Health Organization, 2022).
Transmission dynamics of dengue and chikungunya in a changing climate: do we understand the eco-evolutionary response?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Yesim Tozan, Henrik Sjödin, Ángel G. Muñoz, Joacim Rocklöv
In the past few decades, we have seen an alarming upsurge of mosquito-borne arboviral diseases in concert with the global spread of their mosquito vectors [1]. The most prominent among those are dengue and chikungunya because of their ability to cause large and periodic epidemics in endemic settings [2–6], particularly affecting densely populated tropical urban areas. Both dengue and chikungunya viruses are transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Both vectors are highly competent and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas [7]. More recently, Ae. albopictus has gained a strong foothold in temperate areas by adapting to cooler climates and has led to outbreaks in naïve populations where travel-related virus introduction risk has been on the rise, driven by increasing human mobility and connectivity [8].
Mixed-effects modelling for crossed and nested data: an analysis of dengue fever in the state of Goiás, Brazil
Published in Journal of Applied Statistics, 2020
A. N. Oliveira, R. Menezes, S. Faria, P. Afonso
Dengue fever is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease in the world, making it a major public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that between 50 and 100 million new infections occur annually and that approximately half of the world's population lives in countries where dengue is endemic [18]. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes, mainly of the species Aedes aegypti. The infection causes flu-like symptoms and, in some cases, may progress to severe dengue, a potentially lethal complication. In addition to causing human suffering, dengue outbreaks exert high pressure on health services and local economies. Given that there is still no effective vaccine for the dengue virus, its burden can be reduced by predicting dengue outbreaks and providing public authorities with advance notice, thus triggering an appropriate response.