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Infectious Optic Neuropathies
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Imran Rizvi, Ravindra Kumar Garg
Chikungunya is also transmitted by bite of infected Aedes mosquitos. Clinical features of chikungunya infection are fever, headache, joint pain, myalgia, rash or sometimes multi-organ dysfunction. Ocular involvement is described in the form of uveitis, sclerites, retinitis, vitritis, retinal detachment and optic neuropathy. Optic neuropathy in chikungunya can occur at the time of acute infection. A direct viral infection or an immune-mediated damage of optic nerve are possible etiopatho genetic mechanisms. Corticosteroids are often used. The visual prognosis is generally good.28
Chikungunya Fever: Emergence and Reality
Published in Jagriti Narang, Manika Khanuja, Small Bite, Big Threat, 2020
Neelam Yadav, Bennet Angel, Jagriti Narang, Surender Singh Yadav, Vinod Joshi
St. Martin and St. Barthelemy along with three other places witnessed a number of cases during the beginning of 2014, and then in May, 31,000 people were suspected to be infected with chikungunya in 14 countries, including French Guiana. Brazil, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Venezuela, and Chiapas were next in line to witness the effects of the virus in 2014. Interestingly, in the same year, two cases of chikungunya infection were reported from persons who had not traveled outside the United States, and this added the phenomenon of transovarial transmission of the virus in nature. As of now, chikungunya has been identified in nearly 40 countries.
Chikungunya Virus Infection
Published in Venkatesan Jayaprakash, Daniele Castagnolo, Yusuf Özkay, Medicinal Chemistry of Neglected and Tropical Diseases, 2019
D. Velmurugan, K. Manish, D. Gayathri
Chikungunya fever is a viral disease transmitted to humans by the bites of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), which is a member of the genus alphavirus, in the family Togoviridae, is a re-emerging mosquito borne pathogen causing intense joint pain which can persist for weeks, months or even years in humans. The clinical features of CHIKV infection can be divided into three phases, namely, acute phase (less than three weeks), sub-acute phase (greater than three weeks, and up to three months) and chronic phase (more than three months). The common symptoms of CHIKV infection are fever, arthralgia/arthritis, backache, headache and skin rash/itching. In addition, symptoms like photophobia, retro-orbital pain, vomiting, diarrhea, meningeal syndrome and acute encephalopathy may also be seen rarely in adults and sometimes in children. Due to the poor understanding of the basic molecular underpinning of CHIKV infection and its replication cycles, there is no approved therapeutics against CHIKV. This chapter summarizes the history of CHIKV infection, describes its genome and the various protein targets for developing anti-CHIKV drugs, as well as the various new inhibitors designed so far through molecular modelling approaches and validated by molecular dynamics simulations.
Transmission dynamics of dengue and chikungunya in a changing climate: do we understand the eco-evolutionary response?
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Yesim Tozan, Henrik Sjödin, Ángel G. Muñoz, Joacim Rocklöv
In the past few decades, we have seen an alarming upsurge of mosquito-borne arboviral diseases in concert with the global spread of their mosquito vectors [1]. The most prominent among those are dengue and chikungunya because of their ability to cause large and periodic epidemics in endemic settings [2–6], particularly affecting densely populated tropical urban areas. Both dengue and chikungunya viruses are transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Both vectors are highly competent and widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas [7]. More recently, Ae. albopictus has gained a strong foothold in temperate areas by adapting to cooler climates and has led to outbreaks in naïve populations where travel-related virus introduction risk has been on the rise, driven by increasing human mobility and connectivity [8].
The impact of climate change on mosquito-borne diseases in Africa
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2020
Christine Giesen, Jesús Roche, Lidia Redondo-Bravo, Claudia Ruiz-Huerta, Diana Gomez-Barroso, Agustin Benito, Zaida Herrador
Worldwide, chikungunya and zika have also seen a recent expansion. While previously confined to Africa, chikungunya outbreaks are now being reported in India and Indic Ocean islands, as well as Europe and the Americas [79]. It seems that as a consequence of drought, chikungunya has risen on the East African coasts [87,88]. The Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts, as well as an area spreading from West Africa to South Sudan, have been identified as suitable regions for chikungunya spread under future climate change scenarios [89]. The problem is that most of these studies regret the lack of entomological information [25,90]. For example, Aedes albopictus has only been reported in some parts of West Africa, Madagascar and South Africa [90]. Zika, which is also widely underdiagnosed, has been reported in Asia, the Americas and the Pacific region recently [91]. According to our review, South Sudan is at risk, although differing virulence among lineages has to be taken into account. Furthermore, lacking historical data on the virus’ distribution contributes to unspecific projections [26,90].
Curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles: antipathogenic and antiparasitic activities
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Mahendra Rai, Avinash P. Ingle, Raksha Pandit, Priti Paralikar, Netravati Anasane, Carolina Alves Dos Santos
Chikungunya virus is transmitted by mosquito and infects millions of people mainly residing in developing countries. The chikungunya disease is characterized by rashes severe arthritis, and high fever. To date, no chikungunya vaccine exists. The researchers around the globe are trying to search for novel antiviral compounds that can inhibit the activity of this virus. In this context, von Rhein et al. [47] evaluated the antiviral activity of some traditional medicinal plants including curcumin against the chikungunya virus. The reports claimed that curcumin inhibited the infection caused by the chikungunya virus. In addition, it has been revealed that curcumin also possess potent antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV, High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV), Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), flock house virus (FHV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [33]. Curcumin affects the replication process of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1). With the help of cell culture study, it has been observed that viral yield of PR8, H1N1 and H6N1 strains were considerably reduced in the presence of 30 μM of curcumin [46]. Flores et al. [48] investigated the effect of curcumin-treated HSV-1, HSV-2 virions in cultured Vero cells. HSV-1 and HSV-2 virions, when treated with 30 µM of curcumin, reduces the infection of HSV-1 and HSV-2 virions. It has been proved that curcumin can be used to control the transmission of HSV-1 and HSV-2.