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Constitutive Host Resistance
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes are produced in the bone marrow from a common stem cell (Figure 3.3). The stem cells committed to produce polymorphonuclear leukocytes differentiate into myeloblasts, and those that will produce mononuclear phagocytes differentiate into monoblasts. The sequence for polymorphonuclear leukocyte differentiation requires four cell divisions; each results in a progressive decrease in cell size and an increase in nuclear compaction. The compact nucleus ultimately assumes the characteristic polymorphonudear shape. The myeloblast gives rise to promyelocytes that divide to produce first myelocyte I cells, then myelocyte II cells. The myelocyte II cells give rise to metamyelocytes. Following the production of the metamyelocyte, no further cell division occurs. The metamyelocytes develop into band cells that become segmented cells and, finally, mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes as they leave the bone marrow and enter the blood. Under conditions of stress, such as is caused by infection, immature forms such as band cells may enter the blood.
Orotic aciduria
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
The anemia is characteristically megaloblastic [1, 3, 5, 10–14]. Neutropenia is present in most patients. Hemoglobin levels have often been 7–8 g/dL, hematocrit approximating 25 percent, but some have had more severe anemia [14]. Some had required transfusions. Red cell morphology has been unusual, with a marked degree of anisocytosis and poikilocytosis [2], macrocytosis and many strikingly large and oval shapes with long diameters. Many macrocytes were hypochromic, while levels of iron are normal, or increased [5]. Occasional polychromatic cells have been seen, as well as strippled cells, Howell–Jolly bodies, Cabot rings, and nucleated erythrocytes. Multisegmented neutrophils and giant platelets have been observed [2]. Bone marrow aspirates reveal megaloblastic changes in a majority of the nucleated red cells. The myelo/erythroid ratio may be reversed to 1:2 or 1:4. Giant myelocytes and metamyelocytes are also seen.
The Hematologic System and its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
When they are stained with Romanovsky stains, granulocytes are seen to contain granules in their cytoplasm, which is the source of their name. Also called myelocytes because they develop from myeloblasts, granulocytes may also be further subdivided into neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils on the basis of the color of the granules when stained. In fact, the names of these granulocytes are derived from the color of the stained granules or the chemical properties of the stains they accept; for example, eosinophils contain granules that stain orange-red and are named for the red acidic dye eosin, while basophils accept basic stains.
Short-term immune-checkpoint inhibition partially rescues perturbed bone marrow hematopoiesis in mismatch-repair deficient tumors
Published in OncoImmunology, 2023
Paula Krone, Annabell Wolff, Julia Teichmann, Johanna Maennicke, Julia Henne, Leonie Engster, Inken Salewski, Wendy Bergmann, Christian Junghanss, Claudia Maletzki
The bone marrow was obtained from the femur and tibia of both hind legs, followed by extensive washing in PBS. Resulting cell suspensions were counted and parts were taken for pappenheim staining. Therefore, 100,000 cells were centrifuged on a slide at 700 rpm for 10 min via cytospin, air-dried, fixed, and stained for 6 min with May-Grünwald solution (MERCK, Darmstadt, Germany). Afterward, the slides were washed three times with buffer at pH 7.2 (MERCK) followed by staining with 10% Giemsa (MERCK) (in buffer at pH 7.2) for 20 min and subsequent washing steps. Air-dried slides were analyzed under the microscope. From each slide, 200 cells were counted and differentiated into the following cell types: myeloblasts, neutrophil pro-/myelocytes, metamyelocytes/neutrophils, eosinophilic pro-/myelocytes, metamyelocytes/eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, monoblasts, and monocytes. Quantification was done blinded by an experienced researcher.
Chemoprotection by Kolaviron of Garcinia kola in Benzene-induced leukemogenesis in Wistar rats
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Olaniyi Solomon Ola, Esther Oladayo Ogunkanmbi, Emmanuel Babatife Opeodu
Myelodysplasia has been suggested to be a significant step in the generation of leukemia by benzene [36]. Benzene metabolite hydroquinone was earlier reported to promote proliferation and differentiation of the myeloblast into the myelocyte stage but inhibited the maturation of myelocyte into neutrophil [44]. The mutation of the clone of myelocytes without subsequent DNA repair may be further proliferated and promote the development of leukemia [45]. Reactive metabolites generated during benzene biotransformation can induce genotoxicity and cytotoxicity through diverse mechanisms [46–48]. The study had reported involvement of benzoquinones and other benzene reactive oxygen metabolites in the induction of oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and strand breaks in the DNA of bone marrow cells in benzene-induced toxicity [49–51]. The result of this study indicated the significant induction of clastogenicity in the marrow of the rats exposed to benzene as shown by generation of significantly high occurrence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte in the marrow of leukemic rats. However, administration of kolaviron significantly ameliorated the benzene-induced clastogenicity in the leukemic rats.
Rituximab for acute demyelinating myelopathy after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a case report
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Lina Xing, Shupeng Wen, Zhiyun Niu, Fuxu Wang, Xuejun Zhang
On 16 July 2016, at 2 months after transplantation, the patient was re-admitted to the hospital due to anemia. Peripheral blood examination showed a white blood cell count of 5.20 × 109/L, a hemoglobin concentration of 48 g/L, a platelet count of 126 × 109/L, and reticulocyte percentage of 0.3%. Bone marrow smears showed actively proliferating nucleated cells, myelocytes, and metamyelocyte-dominated granulocytes, and reduced erythrocytes. MRD assessment was persistently negative. Pure red blood cell anemia was diagnosed. After five plasma exchange treatments and three red blood cell infusions, the patient was discharged from hospital, and CsA was prescribed according to a plan to gradually reduce the dosage. No signs of acute GVHD or chronic GVHD were observed in this patient.