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Constitutive Host Resistance
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
The mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes are produced in the bone marrow from a common stem cell (Figure 3.3). The stem cells committed to produce polymorphonuclear leukocytes differentiate into myeloblasts, and those that will produce mononuclear phagocytes differentiate into monoblasts. The sequence for polymorphonuclear leukocyte differentiation requires four cell divisions; each results in a progressive decrease in cell size and an increase in nuclear compaction. The compact nucleus ultimately assumes the characteristic polymorphonudear shape. The myeloblast gives rise to promyelocytes that divide to produce first myelocyte I cells, then myelocyte II cells. The myelocyte II cells give rise to metamyelocytes. Following the production of the metamyelocyte, no further cell division occurs. The metamyelocytes develop into band cells that become segmented cells and, finally, mature polymorphonuclear leukocytes as they leave the bone marrow and enter the blood. Under conditions of stress, such as is caused by infection, immature forms such as band cells may enter the blood.
Orotic aciduria
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
The anemia is characteristically megaloblastic [1, 3, 5, 10–14]. Neutropenia is present in most patients. Hemoglobin levels have often been 7–8 g/dL, hematocrit approximating 25 percent, but some have had more severe anemia [14]. Some had required transfusions. Red cell morphology has been unusual, with a marked degree of anisocytosis and poikilocytosis [2], macrocytosis and many strikingly large and oval shapes with long diameters. Many macrocytes were hypochromic, while levels of iron are normal, or increased [5]. Occasional polychromatic cells have been seen, as well as strippled cells, Howell–Jolly bodies, Cabot rings, and nucleated erythrocytes. Multisegmented neutrophils and giant platelets have been observed [2]. Bone marrow aspirates reveal megaloblastic changes in a majority of the nucleated red cells. The myelo/erythroid ratio may be reversed to 1:2 or 1:4. Giant myelocytes and metamyelocytes are also seen.
Haematological malignancy
Published in Peter Hoskin, Peter Ostler, Clinical Oncology, 2020
The peripheral blood usually has a characteristic picture with a very high white blood cell count between 100 and 1000 × 109/L of which the majority will be metamyelocytes with other granulocyte precursors. This is usually associated with a mild thrombocytopenia and anaemia. Basophilia is also a characteristic finding.
Legacy and emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances suppress the neutrophil respiratory burst
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2023
Drake W. Phelps, Anika I. Palekar, Haleigh E. Conley, Giuliano Ferrero, Jacob H. Driggers, Keith E. Linder, Seth W. Kullman, David M. Reif, M. Katie Sheats, Jamie C. DeWitt, Jeffrey A. Yoder
Continuous DMSO treatment of HL-60 cells induced cytomorphological features of neutrophil myeloid differentiation and maturation (Supplemental Figure S(10)). Undifferentiated HL-60 cells retained an immature phenotype, and 100% of cells had features of promyelocytes, an immature stage of myeloid differentiation. Cells were in a proliferative state and mitotic figures were present (average 7/300; 2.3%). In contrast, DMSO treatment induced neutrophilic, myeloid differentiation in HL-60 cells. All cells were more mature, displaying features of myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band neutrophil, or mature neutrophil morphology. The cells were smaller and had smaller nuclei that, in more mature cells, had nearly absent mitotic figures (0.3/300; 0.1%). DMSO withdrawal from neutrophil-like HL-60 cells was associated with a return to promyelocyte morphology and to mitotic activity (average 5/300; 1.7%) that was more similar to untreated cells, indicating that continued DMSO exposure was needed to main myeloid differentiation in HL-60 cells.
Detection of abnormal lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 cancer patients: diagnostic and prognostic possibility
Published in Hematology, 2022
Lobna Refaat, Mona S. Abdellateif, Ahmed Bayoumi, Medhat Khafagy, Eman Z. Kandeel, Hend A. Nooh
Peripheral blood (PB) samples were obtained from all participating subjects at admission during the routine workup of the patients. The blood samples were collected in Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) vacutainers and prepared for undergoing complete blood count (CBC) analysis. Also, differential total leukocyte count (TLC) was done using SYSMEX XN1000 and SYSMEX XT 1800 analyzers, which included an absolute count of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and immature granulocytes. The immature granulocytes represented an automated count of promyelocytes, myelocytes, and metamyelocytes in the peripheral blood. Peripheral blood (PB) smears were done by spreading one drop of the blood on a slide and stained with Leishman stain. The WBC morphology was analyzed as changes from normal expected/baseline morphology. The blood films were examined by two experienced hematopathologists using Lecia light microscope with 100× oil-immersed magnifications.
Rituximab for acute demyelinating myelopathy after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a case report
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2020
Lina Xing, Shupeng Wen, Zhiyun Niu, Fuxu Wang, Xuejun Zhang
On 16 July 2016, at 2 months after transplantation, the patient was re-admitted to the hospital due to anemia. Peripheral blood examination showed a white blood cell count of 5.20 × 109/L, a hemoglobin concentration of 48 g/L, a platelet count of 126 × 109/L, and reticulocyte percentage of 0.3%. Bone marrow smears showed actively proliferating nucleated cells, myelocytes, and metamyelocyte-dominated granulocytes, and reduced erythrocytes. MRD assessment was persistently negative. Pure red blood cell anemia was diagnosed. After five plasma exchange treatments and three red blood cell infusions, the patient was discharged from hospital, and CsA was prescribed according to a plan to gradually reduce the dosage. No signs of acute GVHD or chronic GVHD were observed in this patient.