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Leukemia
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Leukemia is cancer of the early blood-forming cells (lymphoid cells and myeloid cells). Most often, leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells causing a rise in the number of white blood cells that end up being too numerous and do not work properly. Some leukemias, however, can start in other blood cell types. People with leukemia are at significantly increased risk for developing infections, anemia, and bleeding. Other symptoms and signs include easy bruising, weight loss, night sweats, and unexplained fevers.1 Leukemia can affect children, but affects adults more often. Nothing can be done to prevent leukemia.
Introduction to Cancer
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
The leukemias (a group of more than 100 diseases) are types of cancers affecting the blood cells or hemopoietic tissue. Strictly speaking, the term leukemia should only be used to refer to a cancer of the white blood cells (the leukocytes) but in practice tends to be applied to malignancies of any cellular element relating to the blood or bone marrow, including erythroid, lymphoid, or myeloid cells. Thus, in bone marrow cell cancer affecting the leukocytes, involvement of the myeloid cells is known as myeloma, and in multiple myeloma (the most common bone marrow cancer), a clone of plasma cells is involved. Similarly, red cell leukemia originating in the reticuloendothelial system is known as erythroleukemia, and cancer of the erythroid stem cells is known as primary polycythemia. In addition, all of these different cancer types may be described as chronic or acute. Lymphosarcoma is a cancer of the lymphoid cells, whereas Hodgkin’s disease is an example of a lymph adenoma that, although mainly affecting reticulum cells, can extend to eosinophils, fibroblasts, and lymphocytes.
Radiation Hormesis in Immunity
Published in T. D. Luckey, Radiation Hormesis, 2020
Myeloid cells include several types of circulating white blood cells. Macrophages, or phagocytes, are important components of most tissues. For example, about 10% of cells in muscle are wandering macrophage cells. Macrophages search, identify, and engulf nonself intruders, including newly mutated cancer cells. They scavenge dead cells, particulates, and other waste, and transport such material to lymph nodes for storage or further processing. Their proteinaceous messages, left on cells not digested, help leukocytes to react to these intruders.
CD11c+ and IRF8+ cell densities in rectal cancer biopsies predict outcomes of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy
Published in OncoImmunology, 2023
Benita C. Y. Tse, Sarah Bergamin, Pascal Steffen, George Hruby, Nick Pavlakis, Stephen J. Clarke, Justin Evans, Alexander Engel, Andrew Kneebone, Mark P. Molloy
High IRF8 expression in the context of other solid cancers has also been associated with beneficial effects. In grade 2 and 3 estrogen-receptor negative breast cancers, IRF8 protein expression can predict response to trastuzumab treatment and patients with high IRF8 expression have prolonged recurrence-free survival30. Similarly, analysis of TCGA data for renal cell carcinoma showed that patients with high IRF8 expression had improved DFS31. Patients with high IRF8 in metastatic sites also had prolonged overall survival. These studies, however, did not directly demonstrate that immune cell populations were responsible for the elevated IRF8 expression. Here, we show that high IRF8+ cell density is associated with prolonged DSS in LARC. Of interest, 10 out of the 16 patients had an inverse relationship between IRF8+ cell and CD11c+ cell densities (i.e. high IRF8+ and low CD11c+ cell density or low IRF8+ and high CD11c+ cell density). This suggests that patients with a combined high IRF8+ and low CD11c+ cell densities may achieve the greatest survival outcomes. Future studies with larger cohorts are required to confirm the association of myeloid cell densities and patient survival and will be able to dissect the relationship between these myeloid cell populations in greater detail.
Frequency of JAK2V617F, MPL and CALR driver mutations and associated clinical characteristics in a Norwegian patient cohort with myeloproliferative neoplasms
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 2023
Susanne Lilleskare, Marta Vorland, Anh Khoi Vo, Aasne K. Aarsand, Håkon Reikvam
Myeloproliferative neoplasms are malignant hematological diseases characterized by abnormal growth in one or more myeloid cell lines. The disease group includes polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, primary myelofibrosis and chronic myelogenous leukemia [1,2]. The latter differs from the other conditions by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome, which gives rise to the fusion gene BCR-ABL1 [1]. Thus, further mention of myeloproliferative neoplasms relates to the three Philadelphia chromosome-negative conditions; polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis and primary myelofibrosis. These diseases are also characterized by an increased risk of thromboembolic events, and transformation to more malignant conditions, including acute myelogenous leukemia or myelofibrosis [2].
Systemic mastocytosis with myeloid sarcoma and B-CLL: molecular and clonal heterogeneity in a rare case of SM-AHN with review of literature
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2023
Philippe Decruyenaere, Dominiek Mazure, Ine Moors, Jo Van Dorpe, Malaïka Van der Linden, Barbara Denys, Mattias Hofmans, Fritz Offner
Here, we present the first reported case of SM-AHN associated with two clonal hematological malignancies of different lineages: a monocytic AML with myelodysplasia-related changes (AML-MRC) presenting as a myeloid sarcoma, as well as a B-cell chronic lymphatic leukemia (B-CLL). Moreover, we identified a distinct clonal origin of both malignancies with the B-CLL presenting coincidentally with the SM-myeloid sarcoma. The association of SM with myeloid sarcoma is rare with only two reported cases in literature [10,11]. A myeloid sarcoma is a rare malignant disease that represents approximately 0.8% of AMLs and is characterized by the presence of one or more tumor masses, consisting of immature myeloid cells, at one or more extramedullary sites [12,13]. This report highlights the importance of thorough hematological malignancy screening in patients diagnosed with SM, as well as the use of molecular and cytogenetic analyses to unravel underlying clonal pathogenesis and to guide risk classification and choice of therapy.