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Malignant diseases of the skin
Published in Rashmi Sarkar, Anupam Das, Sumit Sethi, Concise Dermatology, 2021
Anupam Das, Yasmeen Jabeen Bhat
This is marked by an erythroderma that has a particularly intense erythematous color, a picture sometimes referred to as l’homme rouge. It is accompanied by thickening of the tissues of the face, neck, and palms. It is also characterized by the appearance of abnormal mononuclear cells circulating in the peripheral blood. These cells, which are identified in the ‘buffy coat’, are large and have a large, dense, reniform nucleus.
The immune and lymphatic systems, infection and sepsis
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Michelle Treacy, Caroline Smales, Helen Dutton
There are two main types of mononuclear cell (agranulocytes): monocytes and lymphocytes (see Figure 12.5); they have very little granular matter. The mature form of the monocyte that has left the bone marrow is a macrophage. Macrophages can survive for many months; they are phagocytic in nature and leave the bloodstream to enter tissues in later stages of infection. Macrophages release chemicals such as prostaglandins, complement, interferon and cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), which are important in stimulating T and B lymphocytes as part of the innate immune response.
Bone Marrow Cell Counting: Methodological Issues
Published in Adrian P. Gee, BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
Elizabeth J. Read, Charles S. Carter, Herbert M. Cullis
Nucleated cells of both peripheral blood and bone marrow can be classified according to nuclear morphology into polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells. In peripheral blood, polymorphonuclear cells consist of mature neutrophilic, eosinophilic, and basophilic granulocytes, with lobulated nuclei. Mononuclear cells, which have a single, nonlobulated nucleus, consist in peripheral blood mainly of lymphocytes and monocytes in the peripheral blood, but in bone marrow also include a wide range of immature cells of the erythroid and myeloid series.
Static magnetic field-enhanced osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells via matrix vesicle secretion
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Ching-Yi Chang, Wei-Zhen Lew, Sheng-Wei Feng, Chung-Lung Wu, Hsin-Hui Wang, Sung-Chih Hsieh, Haw-Ming Huang
The study results indicate that a 0.4-T SMF significantly enhances the osteogenic ability of WJMSCs by increasing matrix vesicle secretion, whereas the viability and growth of the cells were not affected. For the treatment of nonunion bone fracture, direct injection of the BMMSCs into the defect site was first introduced in 1991 and is widely used nowadays (Jin and Lee 2018). Cumulative evidence has proved the efficacy of BMMSCs on bone regeneration in various orthopedic diseases, but there are several limitations that restrict their use in clinical settings (Jin and Lee 2018). It is reported that only 0.001–0.01% of the cells in bone marrow aspirates are mononuclear cells. Additionally, the stem cell concentration process is notorious for producing low cell yields, which necessitates culture amplification to obtain enough cells for therapy and may impair their differentiation potential by promoting senescence (Kouroupis et al. 2013; Jin and Lee 2018). The osteogenic potential and bone regeneration therapy with adipose–derived stem cells have also been proven in various animal models and several small clinical trials. However, like BMMSCs, the proliferative capacity of adipose-derived stem cells significantly decreases when the cells are isolated from senior donors (Jin and Lee 2018). Moreover, transplanted adipose–derived stem cells for bone regeneration have a high tendency to differentiate spontaneously into adipocytes (Oryan et al. 2017).
Antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection: Swedish recommendations 2019
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2020
Jaran Eriksen, Christina Carlander, Jan Albert, Leo Flamholc, Magnus Gisslén, Lars Navér, Veronica Svedhem, Aylin Yilmaz, Anders Sönnerborg
Before initiation of therapy with CCR5 inhibitors a tropism test must be performed. The test sequences parts of the viral envelope gene [56]. The sequence is then analyzed by the bioinformatics programme Geno2Pheno, which provides an assessment of whether the patient’s virus population uses the CCR5 co-receptor, the CXCR4 co-receptor or both (http://coreceptor.bioinf.mpi-inf.mpg.de). There is some uncertainty in the assessment and this is expressed as ‘false-positive rate’. The method has been developed primarily for subtype B. CCR5 inhibitors should not be used if all or part of the viral population uses the CXCR4 co-receptor. When a switch to a CCR5 inhibitor is considered for patients with low or undetectable viral loads, a sample with higher viral loads from before the last treatment can be used for tropism testing. Alternatively, DNA testing of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood can be considered.
Anti-cancer immunotherapy using cancer-derived multiple epitope-peptides cocktail vaccination clinical studies in patients with refractory/persistent disease of uterine cervical cancer and ovarian cancer [phase 2]
Published in OncoImmunology, 2020
Satoshi Takeuchi, Masahiro Kagabu, Tadahiro Shoji, Yukari Nitta, Toru Sugiyama, Junya Sato, Yusuke Nakamura
Twenty-two out of 23 patients were included in the immunological analysis (a sample was not taken from one patient). The ELISpot assay revealed that only 1/22 of patients showed no immunological response, despite dermatologic reactions (Table 4(a–c), Table 5, Table 6). Some patients were not tested, and some had peripheral blood mononuclear cell deterioration. At baseline, 5/22 (23%) of patients were already positive for the antigens (epitope peptides). As for VEGFRs, 4/12 (33%) of patients were positive for epVEGFR1 but not for epVEGFR2. After vaccination, the positive rate for epitope peptides was 50% for epURLC10, 82% for epHIG2, 100% for epFOXM1, 100% for epMELK, 17% for epHJURP, 73% for epVEGFR1, and 64% for epVEGFR2. Sequential analysis of activated CTL revealed two cases of decreased-activated CTL count for epHIG2. One patient received general anesthesia for surgery (lymph-venous anastomosis in lower limb). There were no other noteworthy events.