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Specific Host Restance: The Effector Mechanisms
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
Natural killer (NK) cells are a distinct class of lymphocytes that do not fit into either the T cell or B cell categories. Because they lack surface immunoglobulins, TCRs, and other distinctive markers of the T or B cells, they are also referred to as null cells. NK cells possess large cytoplasmic granules that resemble those of the granular leukocytes. Because of this attribute, another name given to the natural killer cell is large granular lymphocyte. NK cells comprise five to ten percent of the circulating lymphocyte population in humans.
The Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas and Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Published in Harold R. Schumacher, William A. Rock, Sanford A. Stass, Handbook of Hematologic Pathology, 2019
Lynne V. Abruzzo, L. Jeffrey Medeiros
These neoplasms have been designated previously as T-cell CLL (Kiel and French-American-British classification), Tγ lymphoproliferative disease, and T8 lymphocytosis with neutropenia. There are two subtypes of large granular lymphocyte leukemia (LGLL): the T-cell and natural-killer (NK) cell subtypes.
Principles of Clinical Pathology
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Niraj K. Tripathi, Jacqueline M. Tarrant
A few animals will develop hematopoietic neoplasia, with or without leukemia, in most rodent carcinogenicity studies. Standard histopathology is superior to periodic or terminal hematologic evaluation for identification of hematopoietic neoplasia. Although some affected animals have markedly elevated total WBC count and circulating neoplastic cells (e.g., blasts), many animals do not. Lymphocytic leukemia is the most commonly observed leukemia in laboratory rats and is occasionally observed as an incidental finding in subchronic studies (Frith et al. 1993). Large granular lymphocyte leukemia (also called mononuclear cell leukemia) is a relatively common finding in older Fischer 344 rats (Stromberg 1985). Affected rats often develop an immune-mediated hemolytic anemia with increased total bilirubin and liver enzyme activities. In peripheral blood, neoplastic cells appear as large, immature lymphocytes, frequently containing prominent azurophilic granules.
A mini-review on aplastic anemia, illustrated by a case report on bone marrow hot pockets mimicking sclerotic bone metastases
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2022
Emilie Janssens, Jo Van Dorpe, Vanessa Van Hende, Ine Moors, Philip Vlummens, Ciel De Vriendt
No definitive etiology was found for the patient’s aplastic anemia. An inherited syndrome was unlikely, considering the patient’s age and negative family history. There was no previous exposure to radiation, toxins or cytotoxic drugs. She had no known immune disorders. At diagnosis there were no signs of hemolysis on peripheral blood or venous thrombosis. Fluorescein-labeled proaerolysin (FLAER) test showed insufficient arguments for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), detecting a PNH clone in only 8% of monocytes and 8% of granulocytes. Flow cytometry found no T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia (T-LGL). A routine viral serology was negative. Echography of the abdomen, RX mammography and breast echography were negative. A routine CT thorax was performed to exclude thymoma, underlying neoplasms and opportunistic infections. The latter revealed unexpected sclerotic bone conversions in the dorsal spine, most strikingly at D2, D11 and L2 (Figure 2). Additional whole body SPECT with 99mTc-HDP showed multiple bone lesions in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine. A CT guided biopsy of D12 showed no metastatic carcinoma or melanoma, but surprisingly revealed normal trilineage hematopoiesis with well-preserved erythropoiesis (Figure 3).
Increased Peripheral NKG2A-NKG2D+CD3-CD16+CD56dim NK Cell Subset Was Positively Correlated with Antiphospholipid Antibodies in Patients of Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Yinmei Zhang, Yang Zhao, Wenzhe Si, Boxin Yang, Mingmei Lin, Jiajia Zheng, Liyan Cui
Human NK can be subdivided into two main cell populations. About 90% are cytotoxic CD3−CD16+CD56dim NK cells, while the remaining 10% are non-cytotoxic CD3−CD16−CD56bright NK cells (Domaica et al. 2012). The CD56 + T cells (define as CD3+CD56+) comprise 5–15% of peripheral circulating T cells in human and express the typical NK cell surface marker CD56. CD56+T cells are also characterized by some NK cell-like properties, such as the large granular lymphocyte morphology and the capacity to destroy NK-sensitive target cells. The gating strategies of CD3−CD16+CD56dim NK cells, CD3−CD16−CD56bright NK cells and CD56+T cells are shown in Figure 1. We first compared the expression of these subsets in OAPS patients and healthy controls. The percentages of CD3−CD16+CD56dim and CD3−CD16−CD56bright NK cells in OAPS patients in higher than healthy control but not there was no statistical significance (p = .934, p = .651, respectively), CD56+T cells in OAPS patients in significantly higher than healthy control group (p = .03) (Figure 1b)
Choroidal Infiltration as First Clinical Manifestation of T-cell Large Granular Lymphocyte (T-LGL) Leukemia
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Stephanie Sarny, Christine Beham-Schmid, Yosuf El-Shabrawi
Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is a lymphoproliferative disease of cytotoxic lymphoid cells. LGLs are T-lymphocytes or natural killer (NK) cells with three LGL subtypes, namely T-LGL leukemia, aggressive NK-cell leukemia, and chronic NK-cell lymphocytosis.1 They are characterized by the accumulation of cytotoxic cells in the blood with infiltration of the bone marrow, the spleen or the liver. T-LGL leukemia is extremely rare with an incidence of 0.2 patients per one million people.2 Men and women are equally affected with a median age of 66 years at diagnosis. A mutation in the STAT3 gene was identified as a recurrent genetic abnormality.3 T-LGL leukemia is associated with lymphocytosis, neutropenia and sometimes anemia and slight thrombocytopenia. Recurrent infections of the upper respiratory due to neutropenia and splenomegaly are the most common clinical manifestations. B-symptomatic is rare and half of the patients are even asymptomatic. Therefore, T-LGL leukemia is primary an indolent disease and some patients do not require systemic therapy over years. However, the disease is frequently associated with autoimmune disorders. Rheumatoid arthritis in up to one-third of all patients is the most common; others are systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis or Sjogren syndrome.