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Celiac Disease in Infancy and Childhood
Published in Tadeusz P. Chorzelski, Ernst H. Beutner, Vijay Kumar, Tadeusz K. Zalewski, Serologic Diagnosis of Celiac Disease, 2020
Thomas Rossi, Tadeusz Zalewski
Interspersed between the enterocytes are intraepithelial lymphocytes. These originate in the lamina propria and enter the space between the enterocytes through a break in the basal lamina of the epithelium. The ratio of the lymphocytes to epithelial cells is increased in celiac disease, although the total number of lymphocytes per unit length of intestine may not be increased.29,49 The normal range of intraepithelial lymphocytes is 6 to 40 for every 100 epithelial cells. Most untreated celiac patients have counts in excess of 40.49
Endometrial inflammation
Published in T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng, Richard Wing-Cheuk Wong, Hao Chen, Diagnostic Endometrial Pathology, 2019
T. Yee Khong, Annie N. Y. Cheung, Wenxin Zheng
Intraepithelial lymphocytes are found in both the surface epithelium and the glandular epithelium. The type and number of intraepithelial lymphocytes also undergo cyclical variations. During the proliferative phase, most intraepithelial lymphocytes are predominantly CD8+ T lymphocytes, but the proportion of CD56+ granulated lymphocytes peaks in the secretory phase.2
The Small Intestine
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
The diagnosis is usually made after an endoscopic duodenal biopsy allows pathological examination of mucosa. The antiendomysial antibody tests have a very high sensitivity and specificity for coeliac disease, but a duodenal biopsy is usually indicated to confirm the diagnosis. The biopsy usually shows flattening of the mucosa, marked inflammatory changes and characteristic findings of intraepithelial lymphocytes.
Morphological features of the secretory phase endometrium in women with unexplained infertility
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Özdem Karaoğlan, Yurdun Kuyucu, İbrahim Ferhat Ürünsak, Derya Gümürdülü, Özgül Tap
The columnar-type luminal epithelium, including microvilli-rich cells, cells with pinopode, ciliated cells, and vesiculated cells were observed as normal in nature in the fertile group. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were also occasionally observed. In some of the cells with microvilli, the presence of giant mitochondria located near glycogen aggregates, associated with the endoplasmic reticulum cisterns located in the basal cytoplasm, was remarkable (Figure 5a). While the luminal epithelium of the infertile group was usually of simple columnar type, stratified epithelial patches were also observed in some areas. The stratified epithelium had a thickness of 5–6 cell layers; the cells on the surface were cuboidal or squamous in nature, with some possessing short, blunt microvilli on their apical surface, while others also contained cilia and microvilli (Figure 5b).
Healthy Intestinal Function Relies on Coordinated Enteric Nervous System, Immune System, and Epithelium Responses
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Fatima B. Saldana-Morales, Dasom V. Kim, Ming-Ting Tsai, Gretchen E. Diehl
IECs have specialized functions. Enterocytes, the most common IECs, are responsible for nutrient and water absorption. Goblet cells secrete mucins, the glycoprotein constituent of mucus. Mucus creates a barrier limiting direct microbial interactions with the epithelium.13 Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 and cholecystokinin to support digestion and metabolism.14 Paneth cells are limited to the small intestine and release growth factors that promote proliferation and differentiation of stem cells and antimicrobial peptides that shape the composition of the microbiota and limit microbial growth near the epithelium.15 M cells overlay organized immune structures including Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles to transfer luminal antigens to underlying immune cells allowing for immune surveillance.16 M cells can also allow entry of pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms into the tissue. Within the epithelium, intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are also found. IELs are innate like T cells that can rapidly respond to pathogen infection and are critical to intestinal tolerance and epithelial barrier function.17
Engineering drug delivery systems to overcome mucosal barriers for immunotherapy and vaccination
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2020
Jacob C. McCright, Katharina Maisel
In aid to the epithelial cells come the various immune cells present within the epithelium, also known as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and the lamina propria (Figure 1). The dominant cell type within the epithelial layer are CD8 + T cells that have an effector or memory phenotype.55,56 In the gut as many as 5–15 lymphocytes can be found for every 100 epithelial cells in this layer. The lamina propria contains a variety of different immune cells including plasma cells, mainly responsible for producing the large quantities of antibodies present in the mucus and throughout the mucosal surfaces, conventional CD4+ and CD8 + T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, and mast cells.1,57,58 The dominant cell type here is CD4 + T cells and plasma cells.12 Antibodies produced by plasma cells are secreted into the mucus gel via transcytosis from the basolateral side of the epithelium.58 The predominant type is IgA, which has been shown to interact with the mucus gel.42,59 In fact, antibodies secreted into mucus greatly enhance the ability to trap pathogens and toxins in mucus gel: They diffuse rapidly through the gel, retarded only slightly by transient, low-affinity bonds with the mucus gel.60 However, when they accumulate on the surface of a pathogen they form enough multivalent adhesive interactions with the gel to trap the pathogen, thus serving their purpose of preventing infections.61,62