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Role of Vitamin D and Antioxidants in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Shilia Jacob Kurian, Ruby Benson, Sonal Sekhar Miraj, Mahadev Rao
The role of vitamin D as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant has been widely studied. In AD patients, the reactive astrocytes and microglia surrounding the amyloid plaques induce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines around the aggregates. Vitamin D is a significant regulator of various cytokines, in particular, in stimulating cytokines and macrophages, which enhance the clearance of β-amyloid plaques in AD patients. Moreover, the active form of vitamin D directly exhibits its anti-inflammatory action on the transcriptomic level via its effect on the brain pericytes. Increased levels of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species produced by the damaged neurons, astrocytes, and microglia are seen in elderly patients or those with neurodegenerative diseases. These can induce the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The iNOS is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). Higher NO levels can cause cell death and further neuronal excitotoxicity. Several animal model studies have demonstrated that vitamin D suppresses the production and expression of iNOS, and thereby manage the oxidative stress. Moreover, vitamin D (i) upregulates the expression of several neurotrophins, (ii) increases the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine (interleukin (IL)-4), (iii) reduces the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and (iv) inhibits differentiation of dendritic cells (de Abreu et al. 2009; Landel et al. 2016; Dursun and Gezen-Ak 2019).
Regenerative Medicine in Pain Management
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Sharon McQuillan, Rafael Gonzalez
The use of MSCs in treating cancer pain stems from the premise that chronic inflammation leads to cancer development.83 A large amount of research has been devoted to the role of cytokines and chemokines in cancer. While the anti-inflammatory effect of MSCs is well-established, there is controversy surrounding the role of MSCs in tumor development. Numerous studies have shown that MSCs inhibit tumor growth, while just as many have suggested that MSCs possess protumor tendencies.84 As a result of this controversy, there is little research regarding the use of MSCs for cancer pain. A preclinical study by Sun et al. evaluated the use of human bone marrow MSCs genetically engineered to express the human proenkephalin (hPPE) gene to treat bone cancer pain in a rat model.85 Results demonstrated a decrease in pain threshold as well as a decrease in inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6. This demonstrates the possibility of using MSCs that may be genetically modified as a therapy for cancer pain, but more research is needed.
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Tumor Syndromes, 2020
Fewer than one-third of diffuse gastric cancers are attributed to H. pylori infection (which induces mutations in the IL1B and IL1RN genes on chromosome 2q14.1) and somatic mutations in the KRAS gene on chromosome 12p12.1. The IL1B (interleukin 1-beta) gene on chromosome 2q14.1 encodes a subunit of interleukin-1 (i.e., IL1B), a cytokine involved in physiologic and pathophysiologic immune and inflammatory responses. The IL1RN (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) gene on chromosome 2q14.1 encodes a protein that binds to IL1 receptors (IL1R1) and inhibits the biologic activity of IL1-alpha (IL1A) and IL1-beta (IL1B) [17].
Schnitzler syndrome refractory to anakinra: successful treatment with canakinumab
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2023
Angel Luis Salcedo-Mingoarranz, María Dorado-Fernández, Sofía García-Martínez, Paz Collado-Ramos, Nicolás Silvestre-Torner
Schnitzler syndrome (SchS) is a rare disorder first described by the French dermatologist Liliane Schnitzler in 1972, where IL-1β plays a key role in its pathophysiology. According to the Strasbourg criteria, recurrent monoclonal gammopathy and chronic urticarial rash are the required symptoms for diagnosis (1). Colchicine, peflacine, corticosteroids and ibuprofen have some efficacy in SchS, although anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, is the most effective treatment (1,2). Recent studies have been developed to evaluate the effectiveness of canakinumab, a specific anti-interleukin-1 beta antibody, however, there is no comparative study between anakinra and canakinumab in SchS (3–5). We report the case of a 64-year-old woman with diagnosis of SchS successfully treated with canakinumab after failure of colchicine, prednisone, methotrexate, dapsone and anakinra.
Green synthesized gold nanoparticles from Pseudobulbus Cremastrae seu Pleiones show efficacy against hepatic carcinoma potentially through immunoregulation
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Junmo Zhu, Zijing Liu, Youwei Pu, Jie Xu, Sitong Zhang, Yixi Bao
To further explore the effects of PCSP and PCSP-AuNPs on the immune response, we carried out the ELISA to detect the changes in the levels of cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages. TNF-α is chiefly produced by tissue macrophages, inducing a series of innate immune responses during pathogenic invasion (Abdel-Maksoud et al., 2018). Interleukin-12 (IL-12), a heterodimeric cytokine produced by the APCs regulates lymphocyte activation and differentiation, and has long been studied for cancer immunotherapy (IL-12p70 belongs to the IL-12 family) (Nguyen et al., 2020; Glassman et al., 2021). And interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a key cytokine in innate immunity, which recruits immune cells and regulates adaptive immune responses (Dinarello, 2009; Aarreberg et al., 2019). Therefore, we selected the above three cytokines to further study the role of PCSP-AuNPs in immunity. In Figure 4B–D, PCSP at concentrations of 10 and 30 μg/mL did not cause any obvious enhancement in the secretion of IL-12p70, while the other concentrations of PCSP and PCSP-AuNPs significantly stimulated the production of TNF-α, IL-12p70, and IL-1β in comparison to the control group (p < 0.05). However, none of them had as strong an effect as LPS did. Likewise, PCSP-AuNPs contributed more to the increase in the secretion of cytokines than PCSP mainly at higher concentrations and AuNPs alone had no effect on the production of the above cytokines.
Higher perceived stress is associated with lower cortisol concentrations but higher salivary interleukin-1beta in socially evaluated cold pressor test
Published in Stress, 2020
Katarina Buzgoova, Lucia Balagova, Martin Marko, Daniela Kapsdorfer, Igor Riecansky, Daniela Jezova
The release of interleukins is an important component of the response to short-term acute stressors. For example, plasma interleukin-6 is known to respond to acute psychosocial stressors in humans (Quinn, Williams, Sivilli, Raison, & Pace, 2018). Findings on interleukin-1beta are scarce and less consistent. Only few studies evaluating interleukin-1beta in the blood showed a rapid increase in response to psychosocial stressors (Heinz et al., 2003; Yamakawa et al., 2009). Noninvasive measurements of salivary interleukin-1beta showed increased values 10 min (Mastrolonardo, Alicino, Zefferino, Pasquini, & Picardi, 2007) or 40 min (Newton et al., 2017) after the end of a mental stressor. To our knowledge, no data are available on interleukin-1beta in response to socially evaluated CPT.