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Rheumatic Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Autoantibodies are present. Those commonly found are: ANA: 95%Anticentromere antibody: associated with limited cutaneous scleroedema (5%)Antitopoisomerase-1 (Anti-Scl-70 antibody): associated with dcSSc and severe interstitial lung diseaseAnti-RNA polymerase 3 antibody: associated with dcSSc and rapidly progressive skin involvement
AI and Autoimmunity
Published in Louis J. Catania, AI for Immunology, 2021
No single laboratory test can diagnose autoimmune diseases. It requires a physical examination to assess signs and symptoms with a combination of lab tests. The antinuclear antibody test (ANA) is often one of the first tests used when symptoms suggest an autoimmune disease. A positive ANA test suggests the potential presence of autoimmune disease, but it does not confirm exactly which one or even if one is present for certain. Other tests look for specific autoantibodies produced in certain autoimmune diseases. The bottom line is laboratory diagnosis is non-specific and can only assist in the symptoms and other tests to confirm the diagnosis.40
Autoimmune disorders
Published in Judy Bothamley, Maureen Boyle, Medical Conditions Affecting Pregnancy and Childbirth, 2020
The immune system that protects the body from invasion of foreign pathogens works on the ability to distinguish biological ‘self’ from ‘non-self’. When this well-regulated process goes wrong, it results in autoimmunity. In SLE and other autoimmune diseases the antibodies produced to ward off foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses start attacking the body’s own tissues. Some autoimmune diseases are characterised by typical (although widely varying) signs and symptoms (such as SLE). In others, such as Type 1 diabetes, just one organ is affected. Diagnosis of autoimmune conditions is normally by a combination of clinical features and blood tests that show the presence of autoantibodies1.
High-throughput autoantibody profiling of different stages of Schistosomiasis japonica
Published in Autoimmunity, 2023
Xiaorong Zhou, Xi Wang, Jing Xu, Qi Tang, Robert Bergquist, Leming Shi, Zhiqiang Qin
Autoantibodies react with constituents of its own host (self-antigens) and come in two varieties, i.e. high-affinity IgG autoantibodies and less active IgM ones that only display a moderate affinity for self-antigens. The latter are often found in healthy individuals and do not seem to cause disease, while the former reflect an ongoing pathologic process [12]. Autoantibodies are either of a general type or they are specific for certain diseases where they can offer diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities [13]. The presence of specific autoantibodies in organ-specific autoimmune diseases strongly suggests that they are stimulated by long-standing inflammatory responses in target organs. Schistosomiasis may tender a similar prospect and previous findings [14] have inspired the current search for additional, presumably specific autoantibodies.
Clinical Relevance of Autoantibodies and Inflammatory Parameters in Non-infectious Scleritis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2022
D.P.C. Vergouwen, J.C. Ten Berge, S. Boukhrissi, A. Rothova, M.W.J. Schreurs
The pathogenesis of non-infectious scleritis is since long attributed to autoimmune processes, however, exact mechanisms are yet unresolved.4 Systemic autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), and relapsing polychondritis (RPC) are frequently present in patients suffering from scleritis, as well as their associated autoantibody markers, such as anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA, including specific proteinase 3 (PR3)-cANCA and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-pANCA antibodies), anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA, mostly anti-cyclic citrullinated antibodies (anti-CCP)), and rheumatoid factor (RF).4–8 The presence of these autoantibodies is often used to support the diagnosis of an associated systemic autoimmune disease.
Improving laboratory diagnostics in myasthenia gravis
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Matteo Gastaldi, Silvia Scaranzin, Pietro Businaro, Emanuela Mobilia, Luana Benedetti, Giampaola Pesce, Diego Franciotta
MG is a rare disease whose differential diagnosis with other diseases presenting with muscle weakness can be challenging. The detection of disease-specific autoantibodies is a mainstay for its diagnosis. Table 1 summarizes the main advantages and disadvantages of common antibody assays in MG diagnostics. RIPAs are widely considered as the gold standard methods for measuring AChR, MuSK, and LRP4 antibodies, which help define different phenotypes of the disease, together with other much less relevant autoantibodies reactivities, the ‘striational antibodies’. These differences imply different pathogenic pathways and therapies. The specificity of the two major reactivities, AChR and MuSK antibodies, is very high and more informative on MG severity than the respective autoantibody titers. There are no clear and consensus-based recommendations for the repeated monitoring of autoantibody titers in individual patients. As a matter of fact, AChR antibodies do not correlate with MG severity between patients. Initial evidence suggests that MuSK antibodies might be a marker of disease severity and predict treatment response [52], but, again, the results wait for confirmation on larger case series before entering clinical routine.