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Promethazine
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Promethazine is a phenothiazine derivative with antihistaminic, sedative and antiemetic properties. It selectively blocks peripheral H1 receptors, thereby diminishing the effects of histamine on effector cells. Promethazine also blocks the central histaminergic receptors, thereby depressing the reticular system causing sedative and hypnotic effects. In addition, this agent has centrally acting anticholinergic properties and probably mediates nausea and vomiting by acting on the medullary chemoreceptive trigger zone. Promethazine is used as an antiallergic, in the treatment of pruritus, for sedation and to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting, e.g. from motion sickness. In pharmaceutical products, promethazine is employed as promethazine hydrochloride (CAS number 58-33-3, EC number 200-375-2, molecular formula C17H21CIN2S). It is available as tablets, syrup, injection fluid, suppository and in some countries as cream for the treatment of itch and insect bites (1).
Expression of Cell Adhesion Molecules in Allergic Disorders of the Eye
Published in Bruce S. Bochner, Adhesion Molecules in Allergic Disease, 2020
Giorgio Walter Canonica, Antonio Scordamaglia, Francesca Paolieri, Nicolò Fiorino, Giovanni Passalacqua, Giorgio Ciprandi
Deflazacort, a new systemic corticosteroid, reduces ICAM-1 in the early as well in the late phase of the allergic response induced by allergen-specific challenge (20). Further studies on topical antihistamines (such as azelastine and levocabastine) have demonstrated their antiallergic activity (Table 4).
β2-Agonists: Terbutaline, Albuterol, and Fenoterol GüNther Hochhaus and Helmut MöLlmann
Published in Hartmut Derendorf, Günther Hochhaus, Handbook of Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Correlation, 2019
Hartmut Derendorf, Günther Hochhaus
Table 2 summarizes some effects mediated by β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors. Most important for the antiasthmatic therapy is the immediate relaxation of the tracheal and bronchial muscles. As this relaxation is independent of the pathological mechanism of endobronchial obstruction, β2-agonists can be widely employed for the nonspecific relief of asthma symptoms. As a result, lung function normalizes, conditions for an improved gas exchange are provided, and the development of a chronic cor pulmonale might be prevented. In addition to its purely symptomatic effects, an antiallergic component of β2-agonists is manifested in the reduction of histamine release from sensitized human lung.
Development of allergic conjunctivitis induced by Acanthamoeba excretory-secretory protein and the effect of resolvin D1 on treatment
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Min Seung Kang, Jongsoo Lee, Sung Hee Park, Hak Sun Yu, Ji-Eun Lee
In the next step, we attempted to confirm whether this allergic inflammation induced by Acanthamoeba ESP could be inhibited by RvD1 as well as antiallergic agents. We used three dual-action antiallergic agents (olopatadine, bepotastine, and alcaftadine) that are widely and commonly used in AC. We then evaluated the levels of cytokines related to the allergic reaction cascade, i.e., IL-4 and IL-5 for eosinophil activation, IL-13 and IL-25 for Th2 response maintenance, TARC for Th2 cell migration, and TSLP for dendritic cell differentiation to prime Th2 cells.16–20 The results obtained showed that the allergic reaction induced by Acanthamoeba ESP was significantly reduced upon treatment with the antiallergic agents, though there were no significant differences among these antiallergic agents.
Efficacy of a Quail Eggs-Based Dietary Supplement for Allergic Rhinitis: Results of a Single-Arm Trial
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Ekaterini Syrigou, Fotis Psarros, Michael Makris, Dimitra Grapsa, Konstantinos Syrigos
Use of a natural product, essentially free of side effects and with minimal contraindications, such as the dietary supplement herein investigated, is, undoubtedly, an appealing option for symptomatic treatment of AR. The existing data are, nevertheless, too limited to draw any solid conclusions, while the efficacy of this product in comparison to that of standard antiallergic pharmacotherapies, its long-term efficacy and safety, its effect on more severe forms of AR and its potential use as an add-on to existing treatments, are all important issues which remain to be explored. With regard to current trial results in particular, adequate emphasis must be placed on some inherent limitations of our study design, mainly including the absence of a placebo-controlled arm, the open-label design and lack of laboratory investigations for the assessment of the potential mechanism of action of the study product.
Pharmacological treatments for eosinophilic esophagitis: current options and emerging therapies
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2020
Despite EoE being recognized as an allergic disease that shares many common physiological and clinical aspects with other Th2-type atopic diseases, the effect of antiallergic drug treatments on EoE has been disappointing. Thus, cromolyn, a mast cell stabilizer with poor absorption and almost nonexistent side effects, prevents the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine from mast cells. In systemic mastocytosis, cromolyn is of choice to treat associated gastrointestinal symptoms, and in asthma, cromolyn significantly decreases activated eosinophils in bronchial mucosa, similarly to fluticasone propionate and better than placebo or beta-2 agonists [114,115]. However, no benefit from cromolyn on symptoms or inflammation was described for children with EoE in early case reports [116]. Recently, an RCT that assessed viscous oral cromolyn for EoE in 16 children showed no changes in esophageal or blood eosinophilia after 8-week treatment, and no significant benefit over symptoms compared to placebo was noted [117].