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Embryonic and Fetal Erythropoiesis
Published in Stephen A. Feig, Melvin H. Freedman, Clinical Disorders and Experimental Models of Erythropoietic Failure, 2019
D. Wade Clapp, Kevin M. Shannon
Premature babies often require aggressive medical management of a variety of life-threatening problems. This entails frequent blood sampling and results in an iatrogenic anemia. When viewed as a percentage of total blood volume, the amount of blood removed during the first 1 to 2 weeks of life can be enormous. A survey of 20 consecutive admissions to a university neonatal intensive care unit found that a mean of 38.9 ml blood was removed for laboratory tests in the first week of life.135 Because the neonatal blood volume is 80 to 90 ml/kg and many preterm babies weigh less than 1 kg, it follows that this amount of phlebotomy leads inevitably to transfusions. The association between blood sampling and transfusion requirements is not limited to the immediate perinatal period when babies are clinically “sick”. As shown in Figure 6, a recent study of older, more stable premature infants with “anemia of prematurity” demonstrated a direct correlation between the volumes of blood removed and transfused.136
Specific risks for the preterm infant
Published in Prem Puri, Newborn Surgery, 2017
Emily A. Kieran, Colm P. F. O’Donnell
A newborn infant’s blood volume is approximately 80 mL/kg. Preterm infants may require transfusion for acute blood loss (e.g., due to pulmonary hemorrhage), but more commonly, they are transfused for iatrogenic anemia caused by repeated blood sampling. Typical anemia of prematurity occurs from a few weeks to months of life. It is caused by a combination of decreased red cell production and shortened red cell life span along with increased red blood cell requirements due to rapid body growth.
Implementation of point-of-care testing in a pediatric healthcare setting
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2019
Khushbu Patel, Brenda B. Suh-Lailam
Another advantage of POCT is the small sample volume requirement of POCT instrumentation compared to core laboratory testing [17]. With advances in POCT multiplexing technology, several analytes can be measured from the same small sample volume [18–20]. This advantage of POCT makes it particularly attractive for use in pediatric settings where the small total blood volume of pediatric patients limits the amount of blood that can be safely collected [17]. There are guidelines that recommend maximum blood collection volumes in healthy and hospitalized children as a function of body weight and average blood volume [17]. Despite the existence of these guidelines, iatrogenic anemia as a result of blood loss from phlebotomy is still a common problem in neonates in the intensive care unit (ICU). Blood transfusion is commonly used in the management of these patients; however, it is not without risk [21–24]. Some reports have shown that implementing POCT can reduce blood loss and the need for transfusions in neonates [25–27].
Noninvasive Hemoglobin Measurement Reduce Invasive Procedures in Thalassemia Patients
Published in Hemoglobin, 2022
Yüksel Bıcılıoğlu, Alkan Bal, Fatma Demir Yenigürbüz, Esin Ergonul, Süleyman Geter, Halil Kazanasmaz, Ufuk Bal
The gold standard for Hb level measurement is the analyses performed using automatic laboratory analyzers. Invasive intervention requires waiting a certain amount of time for the sample to be delivered to the laboratory and for the analysis. In some cases, this method causes delays in diagnosing anemia and establishing a treatment strategy. In addition, invasive venous blood sampling is a difficult and painful procedure in children. In addition, it can cause iatrogenic anemia and increase the risk of hospital infection [4].