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CBRN and the Trauma Victim
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
These are: Haematopoietic syndrome (>1 Gy) (ARS-H). Haematopoietic syndrome occurs due to bone marrow suppression causing infection, neutropenic sepsis and coagulopathy. Clinical signs can be expected over the first few weeks and the duration of the latent period is shortened as the initial dose increases.Gastrointestinal syndrome (>6–8 Gy) (ARS-G). Gastrointestinal syndrome is characterized by gut failure leading to fluid loss, hypovolaemia, malabsorption, translocation of bacteria and GI bleeding. The associated ARS-H compounds these effects and increases the risk of a fatal infection and bleeding.Neurovascular syndrome (>20 Gy) (ARS-N). Neurovascular syndrome (also called cardiovascular or central nervous system syndrome) has a particularly poor prognosis and is characterized by very early (within minutes) vomiting and nausea followed by a brief period of improvement before deterioration towards coma, hypotension and loss of homeostasis.
PML/RARα Fusion Gene and Response to Retinoic Acid and Arsenic Trioxide Treatment
Published in Sherry X. Yang, Janet E. Dancey, Handbook of Therapeutic Biomarkers in Cancer, 2021
Alicja M. Gruszkaa, Myriam Alcalay
PML/RARa is thought to interact with many proteins forming high-molecular weight complexes [24]. Amongst the various interactors are the transcription factors regulating the process of haematopoiesis, such as GATA-2, several AP-1 factors and PU.1. By binding to these factors, PML/RARa alters their function. For example, PML/RARa chimera cooperates with c-Jun and c-Fos to activate the transcription of both synthetic and natural reporter genes containing an AP-1 site. In the absence of RA, a condition in which RARa has no effect on AP-1 activity, PML/RARa is an inhibitor [19].
The patient with acute cardiovascular problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
These are the most numerous cells in the blood, the principle functions of which are carriage of respiratory gases, as discussed in detail in Chapter 4. Haemoglobin molecules account for more than 95% of the composition of an RBC, and transports oxygen to the tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. Haemoglobin is an iron-containing protein. If iron is deficient in the body, then adequate amounts of haemoglobin cannot be made, resulting in anaemia and an inability of the blood to carry sufficient oxygen to the tissues (for causes and types of anaemia see Table 6.4). Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus, and so are not able to divide to form new cells. They are formed through the process of haematopoiesis, principally in the red bone marrow – myeloid tissue. Erythrocytes are among the most abundant cells in the body, accounting for about one-third of all body cells.
Retrospective study of risk factors for pericardial effusion after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children
Published in Hematology, 2023
Ke Tong, Yan Meng, Luying Zhang, Xiaoying Lei, Xianmin Guan, Li Xiao, Jie Yu, Ying Dou
A total of 452 children with HSCT were enrolled, namely, 307 males (68%) and 145 females (32%). The median age at transplantation was 3.4 (1.8-6.5) years. There were 253 patients (56%) with haematopoietic system diseases (including leukaemia, aplastic anaemia, severe thalassemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome), 180 patients (40%) with primary immunodeficiency diseases, 14 patients (3%) with lymphoid system diseases (including various lymphoid tumors, haemophagocytic syndrome, and lymphoproliferative diseases), and 5 patients (1%) with solid tumors (including neuroblastoma and pinealoblastoma). There were 444 patients (98%) who underwent allogeneic HSCT and 8 patients (2%) who underwent autologous HSCT. There were 216 patients (48%) with matched HLAs and 236 patients (52%) with mismatched HLAs. Regarding the stem cell source, 427 patients (94.4%) received peripheral blood, 3 (0.7%) received bone marrow, 15 (3.3%) received cord blood, 3 (0.7%) received peripheral blood and cord blood, and 4 (0.9%) received bone marrow and cord blood. The characteristics of the study patients are summarized in Table 1.
Serum CCL28 as a biomarker for diagnosis and evaluation of Sjögren’s syndrome
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2023
X Yu, F Zhu, X Yu, J Wang, B Wu, C Li
After detection of the expression of CCL28 in the serum of SS patients, the correlations between serum IgA content, the focus score of LSGs, and serum CCL28 level were explored. SS patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of dry mouth, dry eyes, dental caries, arthritis, serum ANA titre ≥ 1:320 or < 1:320, presence or absence of RF, SSB antibodies, and inflammatory macrophage (M2) antibodies, and haematopoietic system involvement or non-involvement. The criteria for haematopoietic system involvement are the presence of leucopenia or anaemia or thrombocytopenia. Leucopenia refers to < 3.5 × 109/L leucocytes in peripheral blood. Anaemia refers to an adult male haemoglobin level of < 120 g/L and adult female haemoglobin of < 110 g/L. Thrombocytopenia refers to a platelet count < 100 × 109/L in peripheral blood. The levels of serum CCL28 in the two groups were compared.
Extramedullary haematopoiesis in patients with transfusion dependent β-thalassaemia (TDT): a systematic review
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Eihab A. Subahi, Fateen Ata, Hassan Choudry, Phool Iqbal, Mousa A. AlHiyari, Ashraf T. Soliman, Vincenzo De Sanctis, Mohamed A. Yassin
Extraosseous and paraosseous EMH are the two forms of EMH [20]. Extraosseous haematopoiesis occurs in organs containing multipotent stem cells, such as the spleen and liver, and produces haematopoietic foci that are not associated with bone marrow. This is evident in diseases like myelofibrosis and thalassaemia, which hinder the marrow from producing enough RBCs. Splenomegaly or hepatomegaly, which can present as early satiety, bloating, pressure, or stomach discomfort, is common in patients. Para osseous EMH, in contrast to extraosseous EMH, arises surrounding the bone as a result of hyperactive marrow herniation [20]. It is more evidently seen in Sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia as the erythroid marrow turnover is faster. Clinically, para osseous EMH may go unnoticed until enough cells form a tumor-like mass that causes symptoms [21].