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Hormones as Immune Modulating Agents
Published in Thomas F. Kresina, Immune Modulating Agents, 2020
Thymocytes, B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and mast cells possess β-type catecholamine receptors, whereas platelets have α-type receptors [18]. β-Adrenergic agents inhibit allergic and asthmatic reactions [351,352]. In general, catecholamines inhibit various immune phenomena, including lymphocyte responses to mitogens and antigen, histamine release from leukocytes and mast cells, and skin reaction to antigen or histamine. Catecholamines have a variable effect on antibody production, they inhibit neutrophil activation by formyl peptides and block the stimulatory effect of IFN-γ on macrophage cytotoxicity. When administered systemically, adrenaline elicits leukocytosis and eosinophilia, which is followed by eosinopenia. These effects on leukocyte distribution are due, at least in part, to glucocorticoid release through the ACTH-adrenal axis. Noradrenaline inhibits mast cell degranulation and histamine release from leukocytes. It has a variable effect on antibody formation [353–356].
Strongyloidiasis
Published in Peter D. Walzer, Robert M. Genta, Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, 2020
Robert M. Genta, Peter D. Walzer
A special case is represented by patients witn disseminated strongyloidiasis. As most of them have been receiving immunosuppressive drugs capable of reducing the eosinophilic response, their peripheral eosinophilia is more commonly normal or low than elevated (5,18). Futhermore, the review of over 100 published cases of disseminated strongyloidiasis has suggested that eosinopenia in these patients may be associated with a poorer outcome (127).
Laboratory Diagnostic Tests in the Evaluation of Fever
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Eosinophilia is found in allergic disorders as well as collagen-vascular disease, ovarian carcinoma, inflammatory bowel disease, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, and chronic myelogenous leukemia. Of the parasites, only helminths (e.g., worms) are consistently associated with eosinophilia. During recovery from bacterial infection, one may encounter eosinophilia as well as increased concentrations of lymphocytes and monocytes. Eosinopenia is seen in severe infection due to a variety of pathogens, including helminths.
Pediatric chronic spontaneous urticaria: a brief clinician’s guide
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2022
Martina Votto, Giovanna Achilli, Maria De Filippo, Amelia Licari, Alessia Marseglia, Alice Moiraghi, Antonio Di Sabatino, Gian Luigi Marseglia
Moreover, it was found that concomitant inducible urticaria, severe disease, elevated inflammatory markers, and angioedema point to a long duration of CSU and poor response to conventional antihistamine therapy in adults [35]. Kolkhir et al. have shown that eosinophils are reduced in the blood of 1 in 10 adults with CSU, specifically those with type II autoimmunity mechanisms [11]. Furthermore, 80% of CSU patients with undetectable blood eosinophils also had undetectable peripheral basophils [11]. Basopenia has been linked to severe, antihistamine-resistant, and autoimmune CSU [36]. In adults, eosinopenia was also associated with high disease activity, positive autologous serum skin test (ASST), and positive basophil histamine release assay (BHRA) [11]. Finally, in CSU related to type II autoimmunity mechanisms, eosinopenia was also associated with low total IgE levels and high IgG anti-TPO levels [37]. Kolkhir et al. hypothesized that eosinopenia in CSU is a consequence of the recruitment of eosinophils to the skin and their immunologic destruction in the blood [11]. Moreover, Marques et al. found a correlation between the severity of CSU and the extent of eosinophilic infiltration in skin lesions [38].
Reduction/elimination of blood eosinophils in severe asthma: should there be a safety consideration?
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Konstantinos Katsoulis, Maria Kipourou, Stelios Loukides
Antibacterial role of eosinophils has been demonstrated in vivo regarding P.aeruginosa [10], E.coli, Staph aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes [12] and is mainly exerted through through mechanisms: phagocytosis, degranulation, and extracellular DNA traps (ETs) [10,12]. Although likely less potent than neutrophils, eosinophils have the ability to induce intracellular killing of bacteria and parasites through phagocytosis [22]. The highly cationic proteins MBP, ECP, EDN, and EPO, previously referred to be contained in the eosinophil-specific granules, manifest antibacterial and antiviral properties, as well as against fungi [10,12,22,23]. At last, Eosinophil extracellular traps (EETs) were recently observed in accordance with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), representing release of nuclear DNA onto extracellular pathogens in order to control their growth and are increasingly appreciated as an important element of the immune response [24]. From a clinical perspective, eosinopenia seems to be a characteristic feature of a bacterial infection as opposed to eosinophilia, which usually indicates a parasitic, fungal, or noninfectious cause of fever [25,26].
Clinical and laboratory characteristics of SARS-CoV2-infected paediatric patients in Jordan: serial RT-PCR testing until discharge
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2021
Muna M. Kilani, Mohanad M. Odeh, Marwan Shalabi, Rami Al Qassieh, Mohammad Al-Tamimi
In this cohort, four children had eosinopenia without other changes in the CBC. They also had mild symptoms. Eosinopenia has been considered a biomarker of a poor prognosis [22, and 23]. This is thought to be owing to CD8 T-cell depletion and eosinophil consumption by the SARS-CoV2 virus. On the other hand, it has been hypothesised that allergic sensitisation and eosinophilia are protective factors when it comes to infection with SARS-CoV2. All the patients had a mild course and it was therefore difficult to draw conclusions about a protective role of a higher eosinophil count in this cohort. Allergic sensitisation leads to the down-regulation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor which is essential for viral replication [21 and 24]. About 14.5% of the patients who had a CBC in this study had elevated eosinophil counts for age. In this study the presence of eosinophilia was not correlated with symptoms of allergic sensitisation and the patient with asthma had a normal eosinophil count.