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Combined Purging Approaches in Autologous Transplantation
Published in Adrian P. Gee, BONE MARROW PROCESSING and PURGING, 2020
Elizabeth J. Shpall, Robert C. Bast, Charles S. Johnston, William P. Peters, Roy B. Jones
Cyclophosphamide is a highly active agent against breast carcinoma both in vitro12 and in vivo.13 4-HC, the active metabolite of cyclophosphamide, has several properties which make it an attractive candidate for use in purging. It is easy to formulate, very stable in vitro, and requires a short treatment time. Time becomes an important consideration when using marrow that must be harvested and frozen on the same day. 4-HC has been employed in ex vivo bone marrow treatment of patients with acute leukemia,1 lymphoma,14 and breast cancer.15,16 Most commonly, a buffy coat fraction of marrow containing red blood cells and granulocytes is incubated with 100 μg/ml of 4-HC. However, the red blood cells and granulocytes present in the buffy coat have been shown to decrease the efficacy of the drug.17 Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient separation of the marrow produces a red cell- and neutrophil-free product, which is more consistent than a buffy coat, and therefore we used the mononuclear cell (MNC) fraction of marrow for all of our studies.
Diagnostic Approach to Rash and Fever in the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Lee S. Engel, Charles V. Sanders, Fred A. Lopez
Clinical clues include a compatible clinical syndrome and a history of a dog- or cat-inflicted wound. The diagnosis of Capnocytophaga canimorsus by blood culture can be difficult, and proper identification by this method may occur only 30% of the time [76,77]. More prompt diagnosis may be made by Gram staining the buffy coat. Capnocytophaga canimorsus is found in the neutrophil and has a characteristic, filamentous, rod-shaped morphology [76]. The CDC can assist with diagnosis using organism-specific PCR, 16S rRNA gene amplification, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry [77].
Immunotherapy of the BB Rat *
Published in George S. Eisenbarth, Immunotherapy of Diabetes and Selected Autoimmune Diseases, 2019
John P. Mordes, Eugene S. Handler, Dina Burstein, Dale L. Greiner, Aldo A. Rossini
The active component of whole blood transfusion in preventing diabetes was later determined to reside in buffy coat.84 Neither plasma nor erythrocytes were effective. Additional studies showed that spleen cell transfusions were also therapeutic, and that depletion of T cells from whole blood by treatment with a serum prepared against brain-associated T cell antigens (anti-BAT serum) plus complement destroyed the immunomodulatory capability of transfusion. It is now known that a single transfusion of as few as 200 x 106 spleen cells from an appropriate donor will prevent diabetes in the BB/Wor rat.85
Preliminary results on long-term follow-up of systemic sclerosis patients under extracorporeal photopheresis
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Thilo Gambichler, Olcay Özsoy, Duyen Bui, Christiane H. Scheel, Laura Susok
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a relatively rare connective tissue disease characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition in the skin and visceral organs. SSc can be classified into 3 different clinical subsets: 1) limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc), 2) diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), 3) SSc overlap-syndromes as well as early undifferentiated forms (early and very early SSc) and SSc sine scleroderma. (1,2) It was previously suggested that the immune system plays a major role in the development of vasculopathy and fibrosis. Indeed, the presence of anti-DNA topoisomerase I and anti-centromere auto-antibodies, is a central feature of SSc. Moreover, a wide range of B and T cell abnormalities have been described. (1–5) Based on these pathogenetic characteristics, extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) was considered for treatment of patients with SSc. ECP procedures involve three stages: 1) leukapheresis, 2) UVA photo-activation with 8‐methoxypsoralen, 3) re-transfusion of the treated buffy coat. Du and colleagues (6) recently published a comprehensive review on ECP in patients with SSc and concluded that multiple lines of evidence suggest that ECP represents a safe and possibly effective treatment modality for patients with SSc. In this study, the effects of ECP treatment on different laboratory parameters and SSc-related long-term survival were analyzed.
Classification and coding of platelet-rich plasma derived from New Zealand white rabbits for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Khan Sharun, Abhijit M. Pawde, K. M. Manjusha, Amitha Banu S, E. Kalaiselvan, Rohit Kumar, Prakash Kinjavdekar, Med Ram Verma
The PRP was utilized as such without activation, therefore, called the non-activated PRP (nPRP). PRP activation can be considered as the final step in PRP preparation that induces the release of growth factors from the α-granules of platelets by activators such as thrombin or calcium. Once the growth factors are released, they cannot sustain biological activity for an extended period; therefore, non-activated PRP (nPRP) can be used to release growth factors slowly [53]. On the other hand, the growth factors released from activated PRP can get quickly exhausted within 24 hours [54]. Therefore, nPRP produced in the present study may be the better choice to treat bone defects since the along-lasting release of growth factors from nPRP may stimulate bone formation for an extended period. The technique used in this study had a mean platelet capture efficiency of 47.43 ± 6.42%. The low platelet capture efficiency of the method used in the present study can be attributed to the fact that the buffy coat was not completely harvested for preparing PRP. Even though the buffy coat contains a very high concentration of platelets, it was not included in the second centrifugation as it also includes a high concentration of leukocytes.
The use of platelet-rich products for skin graft donor site healing: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Christopher F. Brewer, Alexander Smith, Ben H. Miranda
There was heterogeneity amongst PRP collection and processing techniques. PRP was obtained from autologous blood via venepuncture in all studies, however the volume collected ranged from 8–180ml and there was no discussion of baseline platelet count. Five studies collected the same volume of blood in each patient [22–25,27], whilst one group obtained a range of volumes without clear justification [26]. A single or two-stage centrifugation process was then used at speeds of 2800–3600rpm for up to 10 min in order to isolate the ‘buffy coat layer’. This was subsequently combined with fibrin solution and buffer [22], calcium chloride [26,27] or additional plasma [25] to form the final PRP mixture. Each group then applied the entire PRP solution to the donor site with the exception of Danielsen et al., who only applied half of the mixture (the remaining half used being used for the recipient wound) [22].