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Prevalence, Mortality, and Risk Factors
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Diabetes shortens life expectancy by increasing risks for many severe conditions. Poorly controlled diabetes increases risks of bacterial and fungal skin infections. It also increases chances of retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts. About half of all diabetic patients have resultant neuropathy. High blood glucose levels increase demands placed on the kidneys, leading to nephropathy. It also damages the cardiovascular system, increasing risks for heart disease and stroke. According to The Lancet – Diabetes & Endocrinology, excess body weight is associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Effects of excess weight upon YLL are highest for young individuals, decreasing with aging. YLL for obese males range from 0.8 years in the 60–79 age group, to 5.9 years in the 20–39 age group. For greatly obese males, years lost range from 0.9 years (60–79 years) to 8.4 years (20–39 years). Similar results exist for women. Healthy life years lost were up to four times higher than total YLL for all age groups and weights.
European national public healthcare systems compared
Published in Linda Hantrais, Marie-Thérèse Letablier, Comparing and Contrasting the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the European Union, 2020
Linda Hantrais, Marie-Thérèse Letablier
Several of the ECHI indicators provide information about health status, determinants and interventions, from which a picture can be built of everyday healthcare needs and the capacity of health systems to deal with emergencies. The Social Scoreboard indicator for healthy life years at age 65 combines information on mortality and morbidity to measure the number of years that a person at age 65 is expected to live in a healthy condition, defined as the absence of disability (OECD/European Union, 2018, p. 86). The rates displayed in the graph (Figure 1.4) suggest that the Central and Eastern European member states might be expected to record relatively high death rates in their older population during the pandemic due to their lower healthy life expectancies. Although the differences between men and women were small in most countries, in 16 cases, women were found to enjoy more healthy life years at age 65. The largest differences in favour of men were observed in Romania, Italy, Portugal and Luxembourg. Where women outlived men, they usually did so by a larger number of years.
Health in later life
Published in Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter, Donaldsons' Essential Public Health, 2017
Liam J. Donaldson, Paul D. Rutter
The European Union introduced a structural health indicator called healthy life years to monitor health expectancy trends annually across its member states. The main purpose of this index is to determine which pattern of population health is accompanying increases in life expectancy across Europe: decrease in unhealthy years (compression of morbidity), increase in unhealthy years (expansion of morbidity) or decrease in levels of severity of unhealthy years (dynamic equilibrium).
Rehabilitation: mobility, exercise & sports; a critical position stand on current and future research perspectives
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2021
Lucas H. V. van der Woude, Han J. P. Houdijk, Thomas W. J. Janssen, Bregje Seves, Reslin Schelhaas, Corien Plaggenmarsch, Noor L. J. Mouton, Rienk Dekker, Helco van Keeken, Sonja de Groot, Riemer J. K. Vegter
This is understandable for many supportive technologies from a perspective of small industries that develop them: such industries lack financial resources for research and development (R&D), have to serve a very diverse user market, which requires a diverse range of technologies while lacking an adequate consumer market model. On another note, smaller industries can productively collaborate with knowledge and research centers to improve product quality and sustainability. Those networks effectively lead to innovation and new commercial products (e.g., Esseda wheelchair ergometer; https://www.lode.nl), that have a firm basis in scientific research. In that light, collaboration with experts in health economics can deliver economic predictive (Markov) models which can provide “headroom analyses,” in the early stages of development. These predictive models help to determine a product’s economic potential with respect to the potential healthy life years and based on our current understanding of human functioning in the context of supportive technologies [35,36].
Economic and social impact of increased cardiac rehabilitation uptake and cardiac telerehabilitation in Belgium – a cost–benefit analysis
Published in Acta Cardiologica, 2018
Ines Frederix, Dominique Vandijck, Niel Hens, Johan De Sutter, Paul Dendale
Burden of disease was calculated through Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), which measure the health gap from a life lived in perfect health and quantify this health gap as the number of potentially healthy life years lost due to morbidity, disability and mortality [27]. The DALY is composed of a morbidity and mortality component. Mortality was quantified in terms of Years of Life Lost (YLLs). YLLs correspond to the difference in years between the age that an individual would have achieved without coronary artery disease and the age of death arising from coronary artery disease. YLLs were calculated by multiplying the number of deaths with the residual life expectancy at the age of death [28,29]. Standard Belgian life expectancy values per sex and age category in 2014 were collected from the FOD Economics database [30]. Belgian mortality rates due to ischaemic heart disease, subdivided per sex and age category in 2013 were gathered from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation database [25]. Morbidity was quantified in terms of Years Lived with Disability (YLDs), i.e. the loss of healthy life years due to living in a less-than-perfect health state. For the present CBA, the prevalence-based version of the YLD was used, which was defined as the number of prevalent cases multiplied by the disability weight [29]. No discounting for time or unequal age weights was applied, following the Global Burden of Disease expert consultation 2010 [30].
Pre-existing diabetes mellitus and all-cause mortality in cancer patients: a register-based study in Latvia
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2018
Ieva Strele, Santa Pildava, Ilze Repsa, Una Kojalo, Janis Vilmanis, Girts Brigis
Diabetes mellitus and cancer are two common diseases affecting ageing populations worldwide. Furthermore, the combination of both conditions is not rare. Using modeled age-specific transition rates from healthy status to diabetes, cancer or death, it has been estimated, according to different scenarios, that the life-time risk of developing both diseases in the Danish population is 15% for men and 13% for women and among individuals with diabetes, 43% of men and 41% of women will also be diagnosed with cancer [1]. Treatment of cancer can be challenging in patients with any prior co-morbidity, including diabetes. Several reviews and meta-analyses agree that preexisting diabetes increases all-cause mortality in cancer patients [2–10]. The effect size differs by cancer site, but for all cancer types, mortality is increased by approximately 40% [2]. A review by Renehan et al. [7] summarizes not only the methodological issues but also the mechanisms of this association; potential explanations range from inequalities in screening uptake to adverse effects of cancer therapies and tumor biology. However, most studies have been conducted in Western high-income countries with well-functioning health systems. Latvia, the former republic of the Soviet Union, together with other countries in Central and Eastern Europe, differ from Western European countries in terms of the population health status and risk factor distribution [11]. Life expectancy in Latvia is still among the lowest in the European Union. In 2015, life expectancy at birth was 69.7 years for males and 79.5 years for females; of those years, 51.8 and 54.1, respectively, were healthy life years [12].