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Public policies in building a healthy community
Published in Ben Y.F. Fong, Martin C.S. Wong, The Routledge Handbook of Public Health and the Community, 2021
Healthy communities are a sphere of potential convergence for stakeholders of health (Cushing & van Vliet, 2018). Hancock (1993) identified six characteristics of a healthy community, including environmental sustainability, ecological sustainability, livability, community friendliness, social equity and economic affluence. To translate these attributes into action, education and governance are the major drivers of the change process. The strategic planning process of building a healthy community is based on the perceptions of health of community members and how they drive out poor health in the community (Dakubo, 2010). How much a community can successfully accomplish is severely affected by political and economic barriers (Fitzgerald & Caro, 2014). In this regard, the government, community members and other stakeholders shall formulate, implement and evaluate health policy to foster healthy communities. Stakeholders of community health need to understand age-friendly communities, intergenerational communities, community programmes and interventions, as well as the role of built environment in building a healthy community.
Relative Survival Analysis
Published in Atanu Bhattacharjee, Bayesian Approaches in Oncology Using R and OpenBUGS, 2020
Relative survival analysis can help us to provide information that is difficult to address by conventional analysis. It is really useful to adopt a conventional analysis of a better therapeutic effect comparison. We illustrate the application through OpenBUG software. It is performed as a Bayesian counterpart. The methodology of relative survival by the multiplicative and additive model is well-elaborated [49]. The application of relative survival at an individual level is also documented [50]. The application of relative survival is very limited only on cancer have low survival rates. A good explanation about relative and net survival is well-documented [45]. Cause-specific survival can be used toward median duration survival estimates. However, it is applicable in relative survival. The hazard function estimates are developed through predictive scoring. The treatment effect can be compared through different age interval by piecewise hazard. It is also applicable in health policy implementation. This chapter provides the importance of relative survival, and piecewise estimates of hazard function are feasible to use to develop prediction score as well. It will provide us with another dimension about the establishment of therapeutic effect. It may be important toward health policy decision. This work will help to understand the hazard function at a different time point interval.
Dignity as a policy issue in healthcare
Published in Milika Ruth Matiti, Lesley Baillie, Paula McGee, Dignity in Healthcare, 2020
Two definitions usefully summarise the policy process and signal the particular aspects of it that need to be explored in more detail if its effects on health services and patient care are to be understood. For example: Health policy refers to the laws and directions from governments that seek to affect and to regulate or to supply state-run health care services. In industrial countries health policy is a major area of political interest and public debate(Cox, 2010, p.294; reproduced with permission from Polity Press).
An assessment of the Swedish health system’s efficiency during the Covid-19 pandemic
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2023
Almas Heshmati, Mike Tsionas, Masoomeh Rashidghalam
The public health policy played a significant role in managing the pandemic. The liberal approach followed in public restrictions, high level of individual responsibility, the vaccination program, attaining herd immunity, and removing the restrictions helped the country return to normal. However, there was lack of satisfaction among the stakeholders about Sweden’s Covid-19 policy. The crisis management strategy involved the participation of political parties, national health agencies, and scientists with different weights and accounts for risk factors and errors in the causes and effects of selected policies. The approach from an economics perspective should follow a practiced political economy approach considering broader inclusive participation in decision making. As earlier studies have shown, the government’s active lockdown policies and lower population movements contributed to a decrease in new daily cases. Dynamic and adaptive government interventions and improved public awareness could have contributed to slowing the virus from spreading. Proactive learning by doing is needed to manage this unproductive crisis.
Patterns of Contraceptive Use and Associated Sociodemographic Factors in India: A Cross-Sectional Study of Young Married Women Ages 15–24 Years
Published in Women's Reproductive Health, 2022
Nanigopal Kapasia, Pintu Paul, Avijit Roy, Pradip Chouhan
The results of the present study make several contributions to the existing literature on public health policy. As the use of contraception, modern spacing methods in particular, is very low among young married women in India, the government should focus on designing effective policies and programs to improve girls’ and young women’s education, prevent child marriage, provide economic support to poor families, and create awareness through mass media. Moreover, improving the quality of care and infrastructure at public health facilities is recommended to raise the uptake of maternal health-care services, including the use of contraceptives. Given that we found that access to contraceptive methods is lowest among socioeconomically vulnerable groups of women, which can lead to devastating consequences for them, it is imperative to understand that access to contraceptives is a human right; all women, irrespective of their socioeconomic status, have the right to regulate their reproductive behavior. Improved targeting of socioeconomically and demographically vulnerable sections of the public by providing adequate reproductive health care, including contraception and proper family-planning information, is necessary to ensure their healthy lives and positive well-being.
Equity in vaccination policies to overcome social deprivation as a risk factor for invasive meningococcal disease
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Muhamed-Kheir Taha, Federico Martinon-Torres, Ralph Köllges, Paolo Bonanni, Marco Aurelio Palazzi Safadi, Robert Booy, Vinny Smith, Stéphanie Garcia, Rafik Bekkat-Berkani, Véronique Abitbol
Data on the burden of meningitis globally come from many different sources and are hard to interpret, which impedes tracking of progress towards tackling the disease. The Meningitis Progress Tracker is a tool developed to track progress against the WHO roadmap and is a source of up-to-date meningitis data including cases and deaths, prevention, surveillance, treatment, and impact on quality of life [119]. Its purpose is to enable governments and global health agencies to tackle problems and focus effort, provide a training tool for public health doctors and epidemiologists, and empower civil society to campaign for improvement. Citizen movements for rights and equity are set to gain importance. Although many rights are already enshrined in law, they are not universally implemented, and a ‘rights approach’ might not be embedded in health care cultures. Patient associations can be increasingly influential in public health policy decision-making. Knowledge of the social and economic risk factors of vaccine-preventable diseases should help the voice of the patient to be more audible by public authorities.