China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease
Published in Jeremy Playfer, John Hindle, Andrew Lees, Parkinson's Disease in the Older Patient, 2018
Freezing may occur on starting to walk (start hesitation), while trying to turn or when approaching doorways. It is usually a feature of advanced IPD after significant duration of levodopa treatment. Freezing as an isolated or early feature may indicate subcortical cerebrovascular disease, normal pressure hydrocephalus or, rarely, PSP. Camptocormia is an abnormal posture associated with marked flexion of the spine leading to severe stooping that abates on recumbency. It is increasingly recognised in IPD and other parkinsonian and dystonic disorders.
Rare forms of inflammatory myopathies – part I, generalized forms
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2023
Claudio Galluzzo, Ilaria Chiapparoli, Ada Corrado, Francesco Paolo Cantatore, Carlo Salvarani, Nicolò Pipitone
C19M includes both focal and generalized forms, with the latter being far more common. Diffuse C19M is not homogeneous, but encompasses different nosological entities, especially dermatomyositis [66] and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy [67], but also unusual forms such as camptocormia [68]. Patients with C19M may present with skin changes consistent with dermatomyositis, muscle weakness, ILD or a combination of the above [65]. CK is often, but non invariably, elevated; especially patients with dermatomyositis may have a normal CK despite overt muscle involvement [65]. EMG is usually myopathic [69], while MRI typically shows muscle edema [59]. Myositis associated antibodies such as ANA are often positive (up to about one-half of cases, commonly with a speckled pattern) in patients hospitalized for Covid-19, while MSA are much less frequent [70]. Muscle biopsy reveals HLA-I expression in virtually all cases of C19M, while inflammatory infiltrates may be scanty, as in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy, or with a perivascular/endomysial distribution; CD4 +/CD8 + T cells and CD68+ cells (macrophages) usually predominate over B cells [71]. In some cases, changes consistent with dermatomyositis can be found [72]. In patients with ILD, pulmonary HRCT mostly reveals bilateral ground glass opacities predominant in the lower lobes [73]. Some patients, usually those who are anti-MDA5+, may develop rapidly progressive ILD that bears a striking similarity to that seen in Covid-19 [66], although the progression rate is probably faster in Covid-19 (mortality 56% at 30 days) [74] than in anti-MDA5+ rapidly progressive ILD (mortality 50% at 2 months) [75].
Current perspectives on galvanic vestibular stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2021
Soojin Lee, Aiping Liu, Martin J. McKeown
In [89], body sway was assessed by measuring the deviations in the location of the center-of-pressure (COP) on a force platform, and low-intensity RN-GVS (0.1 mA) was reported to produce a small improvement in the postural stability of PD. Binaural monopolar GVS has been shown to improve camptocormia (anterior bending posture) in PD [90]. Subthreshold RN-GVS in a bipolar binaural configuration was found to reduce mediolateral deviations during balance correction response to backward perturbations with shorter postural response times in PD [91]. Tran and colleagues [92] investigated the effects of RN-GVS (mean current intensity = 0.22
The mysteries of hysteria: a historical perspective
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2020
While the interest in hysteria declined among neurologists after the 1907 sessions of the Société de neurologie de Paris, a strong, renewed, impulse was given by the war and the rapid occurrence of many cases of “shell shock”. That term had been coined by Charles Myers in a 1915 article, corresponding to a “punch on the head, without any pain after it”, but which could be followed by neurologic and behavioural manifestations, usually in the absence of significant brain lesion. The patients were initially mixed with organic cases, but very soon, it became necessary to develop specific pathways and treatments for them. In France, among 7’891’000 mobilized people, 1’375’000 died and 4’266’000 were reported “wounded”, but without available proper statistics on shell shock and war psycho-neuroses cases (). Hospitals were transformed for the wounded fighters, and the neurological centres typically became devoted to the management of shell shock patients with functional disorders. Babinski, Déjerine, Sollier, Roussy, etc. became chief physicians of these centres in Paris and province, and this triggered a new surge of studies on hysteria taking the form of a war psycho-neurosis, leading to the publication of a large number of articles and books. The Société de neurologie de Paris organized several special sessions on the topic, and three volumes of the Revue Neurologique appeared during the first phase of the war. Patriotism was omnipresent in these studies, and it is interesting that this was also true in the other camp, including Freud, Wagner-Jauregg, and others, who were actively involved in medical care as well. We have addressed elsewhere the fascinating issue of World War I psycho-neuroses. Several “new” hysterical manifestations were reported, such as camptocormia (trunk flexion) (Souques), or the bird-in-the-cage syndrome .