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Therapeutic Properties of Fermented Foods and Beverages
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Bacillus group includes Bacillus licheniformis, B. pumilus and B. subtilis, etc. that carries out alkaline fermentation. This group causes hydrolysis of protein and forms amino acids, peptides and ammonia that can elevate the alkalinity of the substrate (especially protein rich foods, such as: legumes and soybean) as a result of which growth of spoilage causing microorganisms is inhibited.13 Yeast is involved in the fermentation by producing alcohol as the major product. Saccharomyces sp. and Schizo- saccharo myces sp. are the main species that bring about fermentation. S. boulderi and Sch. pombe are dominant yeasts involved in the fermentation of traditional fermented beverages.149 Different changes related to acid and flavor development, production of antimicrobial compounds that are related to change in texture and protein digestibility (Table 16.2) occur in the food products during fermentation.
Advances in Nanonutraceuticals: Indian Scenario
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Amthul Azeez, Mubeen Sultana, Lucky, Noorjahan
Certain fibrous, dietary foods are considered to be probiotic, as these fibrous foods initiate the multiplication of certain, host microbes, which are beneficial to the host, as they help in the digestion of fibrous food and aid in the good maintenance of the digestive tract. These are abundantly found in soybeans, raw oats, breast milk, etc. Prebiotics, apart from maintaining the gut health is known to aid in the clearance of cholesterol, prevention of constipation and minimise the risk of obesity, these prebiotics, also known to be antioxidant, anti-cancerous agents, thereby protecting colon and other organs, from cancerous damage and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Another group of nonpathogenic microorganisms is known as probiotics. These promote host health if used appropriately in a regular diet or also as dietary supplements (Ravindran et al. 2015). They occur in natural environments, in various foods, and also in gut microbiota. The majority of probiotics are present as gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus sp, Lactobacillus sp., yeast species such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These probiotics can efficiently attach to the gut epithelium and eliminate pathogenic microbes, thereby ensuring healthy immune progression. Beneficial effects of probiotics upon human health include that they are quite efficient as anticancer (Lidia et al. 2019), antiallergic (Chen et al. 2018) and anti-diabetic (Koh et al. 2018) agents. They are also known for their antiobesity (Choi et al. 2019), antipathogenic (Hsu et al. 2018) and anti-inflammatory effects (Rocha-Ramirez et al. 2020).
Antifungal Activity Validation of Wild Plants used in Argentine Ethnomedicine
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Norma Hortensia Álvarez, Laura Noemí Fernandez, Gisela Marisol Seimandi, María Inés Stegmayer, Verónica Eugenia Ruiz, Marcos Gabriel Derita
Despite some yeasts, like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which have always been considered as innocuous to human beings and are commonly used for food production, alcoholic beverages and different biotechnological process, it has recently been detected that they could act as human opportunistic pathogens causing a variety of infections on immunocompromised individuals. The acquisition of infections by S. cerevisiae has been recently linked to the use of probiotics or dietary supplements, both of which could represent a source of this agent. According to the current guidelines, treatment with amphotericin B or 5-fluorocytosine is recommended but sooner or later, resistant strains will become resistant strains (Pérez-Cantero et al. 2019).
Dysbiotic but nonpathogenic shift in the fecal mycobiota of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Eun Ha Lee, Hyun Kim, Jung Hee Koh, Kwang Hyun Cha, Kiseok Keith Lee, Wan-Uk Kim, Cheol-Ho Pan, Yong-Hwan Lee
Aspergillus caused substantial changes in the fungal community. An OTU that belonged to Aspergillus (F4_Aspergillus) was a core fungal OTU (Figure 6a); it was more abundant in the HC group than in the RA group (Figure 3). Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a beneficial effect on human health.31,32 Alterations in fecal fungal communities have mostly been studied in Western cohorts. We found a significant difference in Aspergillus abundance, rather than Saccharomyces abundance, between the HC and RA groups. Saccharomyces is reportedly more common among individuals who consume a Western diet (e.g., bread, beer, and dairy products), while Aspergillus is more common among individuals with a vegetarian diet.33,34 In Japan and China, where the diets are similar to the diet consumed in South Korea, Aspergillus was more abundant than Saccharomyces in the fecal fungal community of healthy adults.35,36 Therefore, based on the dietary proportions of vegetables and fermented soybean foods, Aspergillus is an essential member of the fecal fungal community in Koreans.33,34
Potential utility of nano-based treatment approaches to address the risk of Helicobacter pylori
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Sohaib Khan, Mohamed Sharaf, Ishfaq Ahmed, Tehsin Ullah Khan, Samah Shabana, Muhammad Arif, Syed Shabi Ul Hassan Kazmi, Chenguang Liu
Probiotics are the strains produced by living organisms that are used against intestinal micro-ecology for the treatment of better physiological conditions [217]. Lactobacillus strains are among the most reported probiotic bacteria that produce lactic acid [218]. Recent studies have discovered other bacteria such as Bacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and Saccharomyces spp. for their use as probiotics. Lactobacillus spp. resist acid and commensalism with a concentration of about 0 to 103 mL in normal human gastric and able to survive in the stomach for almost 2 hours. While some of the lactobacillus strains are attached to epithelial cells in stomach in vitro via lipoteichoic acid [219]. In addition, probiotics are useful in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, acute diarrhea, and functional digestive disorders [220].
The important role of fungi in inflammatory bowel diseases
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2021
Sui Wang, Yu-Rong Zhang, Yan-Bo Yu
The diverse primary location in CD is important for the fungal community. Jose J. Limon et al. observed that CD-associated increases of Malassezia and Cladosporium were mainly found in ileocolonic patients, while a decrease in Fusarium was mainly found in colonic patients [16]. The ileum plays a major role in intestinal physiology, such as the production of antimicrobial peptides and the absorption of bile acids. The special environment of ileal CD may be beneficial to fungi but not bacteria [3,15]. On the other hand, it is noted that samples from different parts of the gut also have different results of fungal diversity. Most fungal species are significantly more depleted in stool samples than in mucosal samples [28]. In an analysis of stool samples of CD patients, only Cladosporium cladospoirioides, Raciborskiomyces longisetosum, and Penicillium ialicum overlapped with the mucosal flora. Saccharomyces spp., Candida glabrata, and most Penicillium spp. in stool samples were only detected in stool samples. In normal and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-colitis mice, an increasing trend of fungal number from the ileum to the colon has been found. The fungal Shannon biodiversity index of DSS-colitis mice in all gut segments is slightly lower than that of normal controls [13].