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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
To Increase Beneficial SCFAs: Increase dietary fiber.Use prebiotics and probiotics.Take Saccharomyces boulardii.
Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Admitted to the Critical Care Unit
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Almudena Burillo, Patricia Muñoz, Emilio Bouza
Whenever possible, the first step in managing diarrhea and colitis caused by C. difficile is discontinuation of the antibiotic therapy that precipitated the disease. About 15%–25% of patients respond within a few days. Patients with severe disease should be treated with oral vancomycin or fidaxomicin 200 mg, twice daily, for 10 days. Recent reports of severe clinical forms suggest that vancomycin tapering and fidaxomicin may be preferable for especially virulent strains. The reader is referred to the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) guidelines on this subject [103]. The prescription of probiotics such as Saccharomyces boulardii or Lactobacillus spp. for the prophylaxis of CDAD remains controversial, and we do not recommend this practice in CCU patients, as severe invasive disease by S. boulardii has been described [105].
Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Where the other groupings of nutraceuticals involve molecules or elements, probiotics involve intact microorganisms. This group largely includes bacteria, and its criteria are that a microbe must be resistant to: Acid conditions of the stomach, bile, and digestive enzymes normally found in the human gastrointestinal tract; able to colonize the human intestine; be safe for human consumption; and, lastly, have scientifically proven efficacy. Among the bacterial species recognized as having functional food potential are Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, B. infantis, and Streptococcus salvarius subspecies thermophilus. Some yeasts have been noted as well, including Saccharomyces boulardii.
The development of live biotherapeutics against Clostridioides difficile infection towards reconstituting gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Yongrong Zhang, Ashley Saint Fleur, Hanping Feng
The traditional probiotics, such as strains of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces have been suggested as dietary supplements for CDI.62 The mechanisms of probiotics against CDI are similar to FMT. A consortium of probiotics, including five Lactobacilli strains, two Bifidobacterium standard strains, and Bifidobacterium infantis obstructs the proliferation of C. difficile through affecting the diversity of gut microbiota and regulating SCFA production, eventually attenuating C. difficile colonization.63Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species have also been shown to colonize the intestine regardless of concurrent antibiotic use, competing with C. difficile for nutrition.64,65Saccharomyces boulardii was reported to lessen antibiotic induced microbiota shifts.66,67,68 In addition, S. boulardii produces a protease capable of digesting C. difficile toxins, which are etiologies of the disease, and modulates a host of inflammatory signaling pathways to inhibit toxin-induced inflammation.76–79
Assessment of rationality of available fixed dose combinations of antibiotics in India
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Pooja Anand, Navjot Kaur, Veena Verma, Nusrat Shafiq, Samir Malhotra
An important concern that is largely unexplored is that of antibiotic–probiotic combinations. Although, some evidence of moderate benefit of probiotics for antibiotic associated diarrhea does exist [34–37]; these cannot be extrapolated to justify use as FDC for the following reasons. Firstly, if we administer probiotic as FDC with antibiotic then the amount of probiotic delivered would vary in accordance with dosing frequency of antibiotic component (e.g. amoxicillin (QID) versus cefixime (BD) and thus biological effects may vary. Secondly, since the beneficial effects seen with different probiotics vary across different genus and even strains; therefore, these findings cannot be generalized arbitrarily [37]. Most evidence for beneficial effect on antibiotic associated diarrhea exists for Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Saccharomyces boulardii strains in specific daily doses [35–37]. However, Lactobacillus acidophilus is the most commonly utilized strain in FDCs available in India.
The mycobiota of the human body: a spark can start a prairie fire
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Di Zhang, Ying Wang, Sunan Shen, Yayi Hou, Yugen Chen, Tingting Wang
More and more studies show that mycobiota have the effect on human immune system. In early times, researchers found the benefits of Saccharomyces boulardii, a type of probiotic mycobiota, which can regulate the immune system against the invasion of C. difficile and relieve intestinal inflammation.148C.albicans was found to affect immune components such as TLR4, Dectin-1 and build patient defense in the gut and lung.165 There is also evidence that mycobiota regulate lymphocyte recirculation. Fungal flora can induce Raldh+ dendritic cells gathering in peripheral lymph nodes. Without this process, lymphocyte adhesion molecules (necessary in recirculation) would have no response. To survive under the surveillance of the immune system, apart from the help from Treg cells mentioned above, mycobiota could also accommodate immune sensitivity. C. albicans can activate the tolerance of macrophage and DCs increase the impression of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase. It is widely accepted that it can induce the enrichment of Treg cells and the depletion of Th17 cells. All of these may help mycobiota adapt to immunity better. In addition, the contribution of cytokines cannot be ignored, and TGF-β and IL-10 are used by Malassezia to avoid excessive inflammatory responses.156