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What's Causing My Gut Symptoms?
Published in Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck, Reclaim Your Life From IBS, 2022
Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck
The motor neurons in the colon may not always work smoothly or in concert with each other, or may work too strongly at times. This is called abnormal intestinal motility. The colon, or large intestine, is the last five feet (1.5 m) of the intestine. The main job of the colon is to remove just the right amount of water and salt from digested food waste, and then hold onto the waste materials until it’s time to defecate. The speed with which food moves through the digestive tract, and especially the amount of time it spends in the colon (technically called “transit time”), and therefore the amount of water that is extracted from the stool, is controlled by the small, rhythmic contractions of the muscles in the colon called peristalsis. The overall process of moving food through the colon is called motility. If food waste moves through too quickly, not enough water is extracted, and you get loose, watery stools, or diarrhea. If food waste moves through too slowly, you get hard, dry stools, or constipation. Maintaining just the right level of motility in the colon is a delicate balance. It depends on lots of things, like how much fiber you eat, how much water you drink, how much exercise you get, and the level of stress in your life, but ultimately you need those motor neurons to be firing at the right rate given everything else that’s going on.
Cancer
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Colorectal cancer is a malignant neoplastic disease of the large intestine. It is extraordinarily common. Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in the United States and some other countries. It is almost always an adenocarcinoma, which tends to form bulky exophytic masses or annular constricting lesions. The majority of colorectal cancers are thought to originate from malignant transformation of an adenomatous polyp or a serrated polyp. Being overweight or obese and then developing type 2 diabetes increases risks for colorectal cancer. Type 2 diabetes also means that diagnosed colorectal cancer will have a worsened prognosis.
Histopathological Cancer Detection Using CNN
Published in Meenu Gupta, Rachna Jain, Arun Solanki, Fadi Al-Turjman, Cancer Prediction for Industrial IoT 4.0: A Machine Learning Perspective, 2021
Soham Taneja, Rishika Garg, Preeti Nagrath, Bhawna Gupta
Colorectal Cancers – This term refers to cancers of the colon and the rectum, also called bowel cancer. It is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine) and usually requires surgery for treatment. This cancer is curable as well, although it can recur after surgery, often resulting in fatalities. However, early detection can reduce the need for surgery, thereby helping the patient heal fully. Hence, we expect our solution to be capable of working in favor of this goal.
Gnetum montanum extract induces apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of AKT in SW480 human colon cancer cells
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Xianglong Pan, Xiaotao Hou, Fan Zhang, Peiling Tang, Wanruo Wan, Zixia Su, Yeguo Yang, Wei Wei, Zhengcai Du, Jiagang Deng, Erwei Hao
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the top three cancers with higher incident and mortality rate around the world. In 2020, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) documented that approximately 1.15 million of new CRC cases (which is about 10% of all types of cancers) and >570,000 of CRC-related deaths (which is about 9.4% of all cancer-related deaths) were reported worldwide (Jung et al. 2020; Sung et al. 2021). Colon cancer is a malignant tumour grows from the epithelium mucosal crypts of the large intestine (Iqbal and George 2017). Gene mutations (such as adenomatous polyposis (APC), deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC), K-Ras, p53, B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (BRAF), mismatch repair gene) and microsatellite instability are the common factors that led to the development of colon cancer (Ahmed 2020; Benson et al. 2021). The common treatments of colon cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and molecular targeted therapy. Although the present diagnostic and therapeutic procedures have greatly been improved, the prognosis of colon cancer remains poor (Binefa et al. 2014; Li et al. 2021). The therapeutic drugs used to treat malignant tumours include chemo drugs, new technology drugs, and natural drugs. Research in exploring the novel natural compounds that can modulate apoptosis pathway of cancer cells for new drug development is intensively on-going. Various traditional plants with known medicinal properties are widely studied over the past decades (Hou et al. 2016; Aiello et al. 2019).
Duodenal adenocarcinoma: neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy strategies
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2019
Apeksha Dave, Jason T. Wiseman, Jordan M. Cloyd
SBAs are believed to exist by undergoing a similar progression from adenoma to carcinoma as established in colon cancer [7,9]. Many theories exist why the majority of SBAs occur in the duodenum, including increased exposure to ingested carcinogens compared to the remainder of the intestine and exposure of the duodenal mucosa to pancreaticobiliary secretions. This latter theory is substantiated by the finding that most DAs are located in the second portion [10,11]. Current theories as to why SBA is infrequent compared to other malignancies of the GI tract include rapid cell turnover which prevents accumulation of genetic damage, increased lymphoid tissue, alkaline environment, and rapid transit times which allow less exposure to carcinogenic agents in the diet [12]. Recent studies on gut microbiota have also elucidated differences between small and large intestine that may account for the difference in prevalence of these cancers [13,14].
Bacterial growth, flow, and mixing shape human gut microbiota density and composition
Published in Gut Microbes, 2018
Markus Arnoldini, Jonas Cremer, Terence Hwa
The human intestine is generally divided into the small and large intestine. We are going to use the term colon to describe the entire large intestine in the following text, even though it is often further subdivided into cecum, colon, and rectum. Bacterial numbers and microbiota composition have been measured for the different parts of the human intestine, and it has been shown that both the amount and the types of bacteria change drastically between small and large intestines: there are far larger numbers of microbes in the colon than in the small intestine, and they are less tolerant to oxygen.18,19 The nutrient supply for the bacterial community in the colon is largely dependent on fibrous material that arrives from the small intestine. We therefore expect the majority of bacterial growth to take place in the proximal colon, the part that is closest to the small intestine, which we term the growth zone. This is where the strongest increase in bacterial abundance takes place,18 but also where the flow of luminal contents is strongest17 (see below). We thus argue that bacterial densities in the colon are largely determined by a combination of bacterial growth, flow in the colonic lumen, and active mixing of colonic contents by muscle contractions. In the following, we are going to lay out the quantitative arguments that led to this conclusion, and explain how these arguments were derived from experimental data that was produced by us and others.