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Ethnopharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Carica papaya
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla
A wide collection of papaya and their extracts have been used traditionally for the management of helminths (parasites). Papaya contains many biologically active compounds with varying properties in fruit, latex, leaves, and roots that aid in digestion. It has also been employed for treating intestinal worms.6,16 Papain, which is present in the latex of unripe green fruits of papaya, has been commercialized in various forms. Dried seeds of papaya have shown significant activity in the management of human intestinal parasites, which have increased the stool clearance rate of parasites without any side effects. It is represented as a novel class of antihelminthic due to the efficacy of papaya latex and cysteine proteinases against Heligmosomoid espolygyrus (nematode).89 Shaziya et al. reported the antihelminthic action of papaya leaves on A. Caninum nematode infecting mice.87
Health Protection and Global Approach to Neglected Communicable Diseases
Published in Vincent La Placa, Julia Morgan, Social Science Perspectives on Global Public Health, 2023
Maria Jacirema Ferreira Gonçalves, Anny Beatriz Costa Antony de Andrade, Amanda Rodrigues Amorim Adegboye
Intestinal parasites, due to lack of access to clean water, sanitary food handling, and effective hygiene, can cause a reduction in food intake, malabsorption, and endogenous nutrient loss (Katona and Katona-Apte, 2008). NCDs not only exacerbate the risk of malnutrition, but it can also affect growth and cognitive development. Intestinal worm infections have been associated with low IQ, anaemia, undernutrition, and stunted growth (low height for age) (Guan and Han, 2019). While it is known that parasites can lead to malnutrition, the degree to which malnutrition itself can lead to increased parasite infestation is not clearly understood. However, the conditions often coexist and therefore they should be considered together.
Recent In-Depth Insights of Nature-Based Anti-Worm Therapeutic Medications: Emerging Herbal Anthelmintics
Published in Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Cristóbal Noé Aguilar, A. K. Haghi, Applied Pharmaceutical Practice and Nutraceuticals, 2021
Ankita Soni, Paras Kothari, Debarshi Kar Mahapatra
The humans acquire various forms of infection by ingesting raw or uncooked meat from an infected animal host. The direct damage results from the blockage of internal organs or from the pressure exerted by the growing parasites. Tapeworms physically block the intestine and migrating Ascaris result in the blocking of bile duct. The eggs of these helminths can block the blood flow through many organs and leads to several pathological changes (Fig. 3.2). Exerting pressure is a general feature of larval tapeworm infections where the parasite grows as a cyst in the liver, brain, lungs, and other body cavity. These worms are having different growth form which results in metastasis and necrosis. The larvae of tapeworms develop in the CNS cavity which leads to various neurological changes and inflammation in eyes. The intestinal worms result in a variety of changes in the mucosa and tissue damage. The worms actively suck the blood that causes high blood loss from the host body.
First steps in the formulation of praziquantel nanosuspensions for pharmaceutical applications
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Noelia A. Martínez, Fátima Fernández-Álvarez, Ángel V. Delgado, María Luisa Badillo-García, Julio Raba, Soledad E. Cerutti, José L. Arias
Helminths are parasitic worms characterized by a bilateral symmetry and by an elongated, flat, or round morphology. Depending on the specie, the size of these invertebrates varies from millimeters to meters. In the group, nematodes include soil-transmitted helminthes or the so-called intestinal worms commonly responsible for helminthiasis, and filarial worms that are described to cause lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. With respect to platyhelminths, trematodes or flukes (i.e. schistosomes) and cestodes or tapeworms are frequently defined to be responsible for parasitic infections in humans and animals (Hotez et al. 2008; Hotez and Aksoy 2017). Helminth infestation causes morbidity and mortality, affecting cognitive processes, compromising the nutritional status, inducing tissue reactions and causing intestinal obstruction or rectal prolapse. Preschool children and school-aged children, including adolescents, are commonly infected by intestinal worms and schistosomes, experiencing stunted growth and cognitive and memory impairments (resulting in cognitive and educational deficits) (Crompton and Nesheim 2002; Hotez and Aksoy 2017).
Helminthiases in North Korea: a neglected public health challenge
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2019
Helminth parasites infecting humans and other animals reside not only in the gastrointestinal tract of their hosts but also in other parts of the body such as the lymphatic system. Nematodes (roundworms) and platyhelminths (flatworms) are two major phyla of helminths: nematodes include the major intestinal worms (a.k.a. soil-transmitted helminths) and filarial worms (infecting lyphatic system and soft tissue); platyhelminths include the flukes and tapeworms [1]. Ascaris and Trichuris belong to soil-transmitted nematodes, and they are transmitted by eggs present in human feces which contaminate the soil in areas where sanitation is poor [2]. Platyhelminth flukes include food-borne trematodes such as Clonorchis sinensis and Paragonimus westermani, which infect the bile duct and the lungs in humans, respectively, following the ingestion of uncooked fish or shellfish. Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) and sparganum are platyhelminth tapeworms that cause cysticercosis and lung nodules, respectively [3].
A review of botany, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Ferulago angulata
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Zahra Lorigooini, Masomeh Koravand, Hedayat Haddadi, Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei, Hamzeh Ali Shirmardi, Zohreh Hosseini
According to traditional medicine, F. angulata is used as a sedative, digestive, and treatment of intestinal worms (Ghazalbash and Abdollahi 2014). Bakhtiari nomads use F. angulata to make some foods and the mashks (musk) recently made from processed skins of goat and sheep smell fragrant. Nomads of Fars province use this plant to flavor yoghurt. Besides that, F. angulata is used as a sedative, tonic, food-digestive, antiparasitic and antibacterial. F. angulata oil is used as a food preservative, namely to preserve animal oils (Ghasempour et al. 2007, Taran et al. 2010). Recent studies have demonstrated that F. angulata have the potential to absorb heavy metals such as cadmium, zinc and nickel as well as to serve as an antioxidant in metal toxicities (Asgari and Rafeian-Kopaei 2015, Jallilian and Ziarati 2016).