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Cognitive Disorders and Lifestyle Change
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Since the 19th century, the effects of gastrointestinal tract on brain function has been recognized (Hirschberg et al., 2019). Around 70–80% of the human body’s immune cells are located in the gastrointestinal tract (Yoo & Mazmanian, 2017). Dysbiosis is an imbalance of types of microflora in the gut causing increased gut permeability, causing toxins to leak into the bloodstream, which may contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. The role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis can influence the brain and vice versa. Gut microbiota imbalances have been seen in individuals diagnosed with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, autoimmune disorders, and neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. For example, in chronic autoimmune celiac disease (CD), changes in gut microbiota have been found. Symptoms of CD not only negatively impact the gastrointestinal system but can also cause neurological symptoms, including neuropathy and cognitive impairment. The underlying causes of dysbiosis include a Westernized diet, antibiotics, chronic stress, and infections. Key nutrients for gut health include: Omega-3 fatty acids (Costantini et al., 2017), vitamin D (Yamamoto & Jørgensen, 2020), vitamin A (Brown & Noelle, 2015), iron (Rusu et al., 2020), zinc (Zackular et al., 2016), and vitamin E (Liu et al., 2021). Interventions to return balance to the gut microbiota include dietary modifications, reduction of stress, and the use of prebiotics along with further research.
Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Spirituality in Cardiovascular Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Erminia Guarneri, Shyamia Stone
Research on the “gut-brain axis” is shedding light on the role of the microbiome in health. Changes in the gut microbiome have been linked to metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes,96 depression and anxiety.97 The gut microbiome composition is dependent on many factors such as inoculation of bacteria at birth, stress, hormone levels, and exposure to various strains of bacteria throughout life. However, the gut microbiome is also closely linked to food choices and responds very quickly to dietary changes.97 Animal studies have shown that inoculation with Western diets and certain dietary carbohydrates can alter the microbiome within 24 hours after consumption.96 While this emphasizes the need for a balanced diet, high in anti-inflammatory plant based foods, it also emphasizes the potential benefit of analyzing an individual’s gut microbiome. Stool testing allows for sequencing of the microbiome for identification of pathogenic bacterial strains. Stool testing also shows inflammation, detoxification, digestive byproducts, and small intestine function. In functional medicine, there is a gut repair protocol called the “5 R Framework for Gut Restoration”, that follows a sequence of steps including remove, replace, repair, reinoculate, and rebalance, in order to heal the gut and the microbiome.98
Mental Health and Healthy Aging – Prevention and Management
Published in Goh Cheng Soon, Gerard Bodeker, Kishan Kariippanon, Healthy Ageing in Asia, 2022
The link between good nutrition and good mental health is also important to the mental well-being of older people. In recent years, research has been focusing on understanding the pathways that mediate relationships between diet, nutrition, and mental health. Findings point to the immune system, oxidative biology, brain plasticity, and the microbiome-gut-brain axis as key targets for nutritional interventions.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-3690 decreases subjective academic stress in healthy adults: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Lucas Wauters, Luka Van Oudenhove, Alison Accarie, Karlien Geboers, Hannelore Geysen, Joran Toth, Anja Luypaerts, Kristin Verbeke, Tamara Smokvina, Jeroen Raes, Jan Tack, Tim Vanuytsel
The study of the interaction between psychological stress and gastrointestinal (GI) function is a complex and developing field. The bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain or gut-brain axis has been considered a pivotal player in the pathogenesis of both irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).1,2 However, the exact mechanisms through which changes in the gut alter brain functioning, feelings, and behavior remain unclear. Gut microbes may play an important role as germ-free mice showed exaggerated responses to stress compared to specific pathogen-free mice, which were reversible through re-colonization with Bifidobacterium infantis.3 Probiotics are live micro-organisms that, when ingested in adequate amounts, exert a health benefit on the host and offer the opportunity to modulate the gut microbiota and thus central nervous function.4 Indeed, recent systematic reviews suggested that some Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains may reduce anxiety and L. rhamnosus was identified as a potential anxiolytic species based on preclinical data.5,6L. rhamnosus JB-1, formerly referred to as L. reuteri, reduced depressive-like behavior in mice,7,8 which was abolished after vagotomy.7 However, these promising preclinical findings were not reproduced with L. rhamnosus JB-1 in healthy humans after a socially evaluated cold pressor test.9
Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 prevents cognitive dysfunction in D-galactose/AlCl3 induced mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease via modulating gut microbiota and PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Xinping Song, Zijian Zhao, Yujuan Zhao, Zhiguo Wang, Chao Wang, Ge Yang, Shengyu Li
Previous studies indicated that alterations in the gut microbiome were associated with pathophysiological consequences, such as inflammatory bowel disease [24], obesity [25], and diabetes [26]. Accumulating evidence suggested that the gut microbial ecosystem has an impact on psychiatric and neurological health, and the probiotic supplement has drawn public attention in improving the central nervous system disorders via the gut-brain axis [27,28]. However, further studies are essential to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the gut-brain axis. Herein, we found that L. plantarum DP189 intervention for 10 weeks could prevent cognitive dysfunction, suppress Aβ plaque deposition and tau pathology, elevate neurotransmitters levels, and modify the gut microbiota in AD model mice. All experimental results showed no correlation with gender differences.
Long COVID or post-COVID-19 syndrome: putative pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatments
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2021
Gut microbiome disruption (i.e. gut dysbiosis) has been observed among patients with COVID-19, which persisted for at least ten days up to 30 days after disease resolution [143,144,145]. In these studies, gut dysbiosis also correlated with increased COVID-19 severity and inflammatory biomarkers and prolonged SARS-CoV-2 faecal shedding. However, it is unclear if such gut dysbiosis extends beyond 30 days. Notwithstanding this uncertainty, since the gut is closely intertwined with the immune system, a review has implicated the accompanying gut microbiome in numerous diseases related to chronic inflammation [146]. It has also been reviewed that the gut microbiome modulates the neurotransmitter circuitries in the gut and brain via the microbiota-gut-brain axis [147]. Hence, persistent gut dysbiosis may also contribute to the gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms of long COVID.