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Physiology of Trauma, Fear, and Anxiety
Published in Alice Bullard, Spiritual and Mental Health Crisis in Globalizing Senegal, 2022
Clinical therapists, especially those in trauma-informed practice, have integrated PVT into treatments. J.M. Karemaker, who largely agrees with Grossman’s criticism of PVT, pointed to why PVT nonetheless continues to be powerful: [W]e know that the vagus nerve is involved not only in heart rate control, but also in efferent and afferent control of the gastro-intestinal tract and other organs (liver, lungs, etc). On top of that it is probably the link between the brain and the immune system… . In particular the electroceutical use of vagus nerve stimulation is finding more and more applications, not only for its peripheral effect on the heart but also for central effects, where it had already been in use for suppression of epileptic seizures… . [L]et us now look at the broader picture of what the vagus nerve might be capable to do, the functions that have escaped us while we were looking in the other direction.(Grossman 2019)
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Thomas Pranikoff, Ronald B. Hirschl
The carotid sheath is opened and the internal jugular vein, common carotid artery, and vagus nerve are identified and isolated (Figure 14.4). Dissection is progressed proximally and distally along the vessels, dissecting the vein first. Special care should be taken while dissecting the vein to avoid induction of spasm, which makes subsequent introduction of a large venous cannula difficult. Manipulation of the vein therefore should be minimized. There is often a branch on the medial aspect of the internal jugular vein which must be ligated. Ligatures of 2/0 silk are placed proximally and distally around the internal jugular vein. The common carotid artery lies medial and posterior and has no branches, which makes its dissection proximally and distally safe. Ligatures of 2/0 silk are also placed around the carotid artery. The vagus nerve should be identified.
Why maternal and paternal mental health and well-being matter
Published in Antonella Sansone, Cultivating Mindfulness to Raise Children Who Thrive, 2020
The practice of mindful awareness and a combination of meditation techniques enhance interpersonal connection and the production of related feel-good hormones and change our attitudes by forming new neural networks. Positive interpersonal interactions have been correlated with good functioning of the vagus nerve, the tenth cranial nerve and the primary nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system, which is connected with our main organs and informs the brain about how they are working (Porges, 2011). The vagus nerve is implicated in the regulation of multiple biological systems. Interestingly, this correlation seems to be already present in prenatal development and to be influenced by maternal biological systems. Preborn babies of depressed women had elevated activity, lower vagal tone and more growth delays, and prematurity and low birthweight occur more often (Field et al., 2006). This study also found that newborns of depressed mothers are likely to show a similar biochemical/physiological substrate to that of their mothers, including elevated cortisol, lower levels of dopamine and serotonin and lower vagal tone. Elevated maternal cortisol during pregnancy seem to predict these neonatal outcomes.
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation effects on inflammatory markers and clinical evolution of patients with COVID-19: a pilot randomized clinical trial
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Laura Uehara, João Carlos Ferrari Corrêa, Raphael Ritti, Paulo Leite, Deivide Rafael Gomes de Faria, Kevin Pacheco-Barrios, Luis Castelo-Branco, Felipe Fregni, Fernanda Ishida Corrêa
The treatment of noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation was performed by two researchers in this study, physical therapists. Stimulation was carried out by an electrical neuromuscular stimulator (model Dualpex 071 from Quark Medical Products) with an electrode over the tragus of the left ear and another over the clavicle on the same side. Active taVNS was accomplished with a frequency of 30 Hz, variation of 50%, and intensity between 0.5 mA and 12 mA (depending on the patient’s tolerance) for 90 minutes, twice a day (interval of 6–8 hours between each stimulation), for seven consecutive days, totaling 14 stimulation sessions. The taVNS sham followed the same setup, but the device remained off during each session. Patients and researchers responsible for data analysis were blinded to group allocation.
Is vagal stimulation or inhibition benefit on the regulation of the stomach brain axis in obesity?
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Işınsu Alkan, Berrin Zuhal Altunkaynak, Elfide Gizem Kivrak, Arife Ahsen Kaplan, Gülay Arslan
Studies on the damage of the vagus nerve are quite limited. Ferrari et al. performed a study on obese male Zucker (fa / fa) rats and pointed out that upper intestinal digestion was abolished by vagus inhibition and noted that nutrient intake decreased without changing the insulin level [37]. In addition, vagotomy is generally preferred for vagus suppression. Vagotomy is a surgical procedure that emerged in 1969, used to reduce acidity by denervating acid-producing parietal cells to reduce or prevent symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux and peptic ulcer [38,39]. There are studies showing that obstruction is associated with obstruction of the afferent nerves of the vagus. In a study by Laskiewicz et al., 38% weight loss observed in vagotomy subjects, as well as reported decreased appetite. Again, studies on rodents and humans have shown that vagotomy reduces food intake [10,40,41]. Balbo et al. reported that lipidosis decreased, insulin sensitivity was regained and fat storage was gradually lost in subjects fed high fat diet after vagotomy [42]. In our study, a decrease of 14% in the weight of the rats was determined after vagal inhibition by the application of the cruch injury by 58 newton pressure to the left vagus nerve.
Endotracheal Tube Electrode Neuromonitoring for Placement of Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Epilepsy: Intraoperative Stimulation Thresholds
Published in The Neurodiagnostic Journal, 2022
Gennadiy A. Katsevman, Darnell T. Josiah, Joseph E. LaNeve, Sanjay Bhatia
The functionality of the VNS depends on its placement around the vagus nerve and, consequentially, its correct identification intraoperatively. The ansa cervicalis is frequently encountered in surgical dissections of the neck and may be incorrectly misinterpreted for the vagus nerve both in relation of size and location, resulting in incorrect application of VNS electrodes (Banneheka 2008a, 2008b; Gopalakrishnan et al. 2015). The largest size of the ansa observed in the present study was approximately 2 mm, similar to the smallest size of the vagus. The anatomical variability of the inferior root of the ansa and vagus nerve could also lead to intraoperative uncertainty resulting in more extensive dissection within and around the carotid sheath. This could result in injury to the phrenic nerve, sympathetic trunk, carotid artery, or IJV, as well as longer operative time and more extensive nerve manipulation which may result in traumatic axonopathy of the vagus nerve. Traumatic vagus nerve injury may lead to axonal degeneration—which may not be detected during standard non-neuromonitoring surgical implantation—and could impact the intensity of post-operative stimulation needed to obtain seizure reduction. Higher intensity stimulation may then lead to increased adverse effects, such as voice alterations (e.g., hoarseness, tremulousness), local neck/throat pain, and cough (Akman et al. 2003). The impaired heart rate response may also decrease the efficacy of the newer cardiac-based VNS devices.