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Fatigue
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
The enteric nervous system is a subdivision of the peripheral nervous system; it is composed of millions of nerve cells that line the entire GI tract, and its function is to directly control the GI system. This gut-brain connection continuously sends biochemical signals between the enteric nervous system and the central nervous system via the vagus nerve. It is the work of the vagus nerve when you have a “gut feeling” or feel butterflies in your stomach.
What's Causing My Gut Symptoms?
Published in Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck, Reclaim Your Life From IBS, 2022
Melissa G. Hunt, Aaron T. Beck
What’s going on here? Clearly, there’s an environmental or social stressor at work. Obviously, your in-laws are a bit difficult to deal with. Anticipating dealing with this stressor is causing you apprehension and anxiety – that’s the psychological distress part of the equation. But psychological distress translates directly into sympathetic nervous system arousal, which leads to an inflammatory stress response, which interacts with the enteric nervous system to cause abnormal motility in a gut that’s prone to inflammation and may not have enough helpful bacteria onboard thereby sending pain signals up to the brain that get amplified – that’s the biological piece. This feeds back through visceral hypersensitivity to ensure that you notice the twinges and spasms. But the twinges and spasms now become stressors in and of themselves, triggering a new onslaught of worrisome thoughts about discomfort and the possibility of incontinence, which, in turn, trigger more arousal and inflammation, which then increase the physical discomfort and the urgent need to defecate. Before you know it, you’re having a full-fledged IBS attack and you feel horribly sick. Your spouse is alternately sympathetic and annoyed. You and your spouse may cancel the dinner, leading to bad feelings all around. Or you may go, feeling drained and exhausted, and then only pick at dinner, fearful of bringing on another attack and further alienating your difficult mother-in-law.
Neuro–Endocrine–Immune Dysfunction in the Chronic Pain Patient
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
The autonomic nervous system is made up of the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic nervous system, and the enteric nervous system (ENS). The enteric nervous system directly controls the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.6 A key role of the autonomic system is the regulation of acute inflammatory responses at local and systemic levels.7 The sympathetic nervous system secretes catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine which induces changes in bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes. Catecholamines can regulate immune proliferation, cytolytic activity, cytokine release, antibody release, and chemotaxis by binding to adrenoreceptors on lymphoid organs and immune cells. Norepinephrine and epinephrine increase lymphocyte proliferation and inhibit cytotoxic activity. Dopamine inhibits both proliferation and cytotoxic activity.8 In addition, peripheral vasoconstriction occurs which can result in chronic muscular ischemia.
Naringenin modulates Cobalt activities on gut motility through mechanosensors and serotonin signalling
Published in Biomarkers, 2023
Adeola Temitope Salami, Ademola Adetokubo Oyagbemi, Moyosore Victoria Alabi, Samuel Babafemi Olaleye
The small intestine, is a part of the gastrointestinal tract responsible for nutritional absorption (from food), immunologic and endocrine functions (Denbow 2015, Mark and Bouwmeester 2017) besides motility. Motility within the small intestine enhances mixing, transit of secretions and digested contents from the stomach, and removal or ridding of ingested harmful or toxic substances not absorbed. Hunt et al. (1985) demonstrated that gastric emptying is hinged on the volume, composition, osmolality and caloric density of food ingested which is coordinated by the pyloric sphincter and duodenum activities. Mechanosensors (Alcaino et al. 2017) found along the small intestine aid these activities; examples of these include epithelial cells such as myenteric neurons, interstitial cells of Cajal, smooth muscle, enterochromaffin cells, glia, etc. The digestive system is propelled by the enteric nervous system (ENS) while gut hormones also regulate functioning of the intestine such as motility, secretion, cell proliferation, digestion and absorption (Ma and Lee 2020). Gastric emptying is regulated by its’ inhibitory and excitatory hormones which are also released from both the intestine and pancreas thus mediating or relating food intake, satiety, energy metabolism to gastric emptying (Goyal et al. 2019).
Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Tyler M. Cook, Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
The enteric nervous system is comprised of sensory, motor, and interneurons organized into networks or plexuses located within the gut, which are capable of operating independently of the CNS. The submucosal plexus lies between the mucosa and circular muscle, and it regulates secretion and blood flow.39 Enteric neurons between the circular and longitudinal muscle make up the myenteric plexus (Auerbach plexus), which controls gut motility by action on smooth muscle. Enteric sensory neurons known as IPANs (intrinsic primary afferent neurons) detect various chemicals or distension caused by a food bolus, and then coordinate the electrical activity of submucosal and myenteric neurons. Finally, interneurons link the activity of ascending and descending motor networks to allow the “little brain” of the gut to function autonomously (Figure 3).39,51 The enteric nervous system is also supported by local glial cells, which also respond to changes in gut microbiota signaling,52 but we will focus on enteric neurons in this review.
Gut microbiota-motility interregulation: insights from in vivo, ex vivo and in silico studies
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Barbora Waclawiková, Agnese Codutti, Karen Alim, Sahar El Aidy
The primary neurotransmitters of the excitatory neurons are the neuropeptides, acetylcholine and tachykinins, acetylcholine responses are mediated by the muscarinic receptors (M2 and M3), tachykinins (substance P and neurokinin A) bind to NK1 and NK2 receptors and activate pathways similar to those that involve acetylcholine.19–28 The inhibitory neurons constitute multiple transmitters, including nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and ATP-like transmitters.17,29 The nitric oxide is considered as the predominant inhibitory neurotransmitter, and deficits in transmission are observed in its absence as demonstrated in models where nitric oxide synthase is knocked out.2,30 The role of the enteric nervous system in the regulation of gut motility has been extensively reviewed elsewhere.3 Here, we will focus on the less well-studied role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites as a key regulator of the gut motility.