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Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
NAFLD is one of the most common liver diseases globally. Generally, fatty liver disease means there is extra fat in the liver, even in people who drink little or no alcohol. If more than 5%-10% of the liver's weight is fat, it is called a fatty liver. Even though there is extra fat, there is not necessarily any inflammation in the liver or damage to the cells. However, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) can consist of a spectrum of conditions ranging from a simple fatty infiltration to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. NAFLD is histologically similar to alcoholic liver disease.1 Conditions such as alcohol abuse, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, high triglycerides, low HDL levels, and obesity are often associated with fatty liver disease. NAFLD is estimated to progress to a more severe condition called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in about one-third of NAFLD patients. It also increases the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer.2
Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreatic Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Risk factors for fatty liver are: Alcoholic fatty liver disease: AlcoholNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease: ObesityType 2 diabetesMetabolic syndromeDyslipidemiaLess common: DILI, hypothyroidism, obstructive sleep apnoea, hypopituitarism, hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome, pancreatoduodenal resection and psoriasis
Other Complications of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Gastrointestinal complications of diabetes are often caused by abnormal GI motility, a result of diabetic autonomic neuropathy of the GI tract. Factors that contribute to diabetes-related reflux include hyperglycemia, obesity, and decrease bicarbonate secretion from the parotid glands. Gastroparesis is idiopathic in more than 50% of all cases, but autonomic neuropathy remains a significant cause of the condition in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Between 30% and 50% of affected patients have had diabetes for years. The vagus nerve becomes damaged by years of high blood glucose, or insufficient transport of glucose into the cells. Constipation, as part of intestinal enteropathy, is caused by neuronal dysfunction in the large intestine as well as impairment of the gastrocolic reflex. If an individual has elevated hepatic transaminase levels, it is important to assess other possible causes of liver disease, which include hepatitis and hemochromatosis. The cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is unknown but is often related to obesity and type 2 diabetes. All severely obese patients with diabetes have some amount of steatosis, and about 50% have steatohepatitis.
Microanatomy of the metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) by single-cell transcriptomics
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2023
Lijun Wang, Kebing Zhou, Qing Wu, Lingping Zhu, Yang Hu, Xuefeng Yang, Duo Li
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease remains a prominent risk factor for many chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer [16]. Moreover, MAFLD can progress to steatohepatitis or cirrhosis. However, there is no definite target and therapeutic mechanism for MAFLD. Single-cell sequencing has guiding significance for screening potential therapeutic targets and molecular mechanisms of MAFLD. In the present study, we conducted transcriptome profiling of 30,038 single cells, including hepatocytes and non-hepatocytes, from normal and steatosis adult mouse livers. Comparative analysis of hepatocytes and non-hepatocytes revealed significant heterogeneity, and non-hepatocytes acted as major cell communication hubs. Systematic analysis of cellular compositions and cell-cell interaction networks showed that hepatocyte metabolism was significantly correlated with changes in liver function. We also uncovered the active involvement of non-hepatocyte cells in regulating the behaviour of hepatocytes, exemplified by Kupffer cells, which could preserve liver function after steatosis.
Increased Risk of Hypertension in Alcohol Use Disorder of alcohol-related Liver disease-A Hospital Based Case Control Study
Published in Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 2023
Prabhudas Nelaturi, Sangeetha P Kademani, Vithiavathi Siva Subramanian, Sambandam Ravikumar
Non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease is a common cause of liver disease and is positively correlated with MetS (increased BMI, diabetes, etc.). Mortality in NAFLD is mainly related to cardiovascular complications. Patients with liver diseases (steatohepatitis and fibrosis) such as NAFLD reported an increased risk of developing CVD as an independent risk factor(Fracanzani et al., 2016; Sung, Ryan, & Wilson, 2009; Targher, Day, & Bonora, 2010). NAFLD has been characterized by abnormal liver adipose tissue deposition in the liver without hepatic fat accumulation. The disease ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcohol-related steatohepatitis and cirrhosis. A study reported that ectopic fat accumulation due to increased triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) leads to cardiovascular risk(Fotbolcu & Zorlu, 2016; Gaziano, Hennekens, O’Donnell, Breslow, & Buring, 1997).
Hepatocellular carcinoma in Stockholm, Sweden 2003–2018: a population-based cohort study
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Sanna Norén, Bonnie Bengtsson, Hannes Hagström, Gunnar Ljunggren, Staffan Wahlin
ICD-10 codes for comorbidities present at or before HCC diagnosis were collected for each patient with HCC to identify underlying aetiologies of HCC. Definitions of specific risk factors for HCC and ICD-10 codes used to identify these are presented in Supplementary Table 1. Every patient was only attributed one risk factor, according to a ranking system of risk factors for HCC presented in Supplementary Table 1, and each patient is therefore only included once. Primary liver disease, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and Budd-Chiari syndrome was given the highest rank, followed by Hepatitis B and then Hepatitis C, which included unspecified chronic viral hepatitis. The underlying aetiology was defined as alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) if an individual had either (a) an ICD-10 diagnosis of ARLD or (b) a diagnosis of alcohol abuse, and (c) no other liver diagnosis. The underlying aetiology was defined as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) if no other aetiologies were identified and the patient had either (a) a diagnosis of fatty liver disease, (b) diabetes mellitus, (c) treatment for diabetes mellitus, (d) obesity, or (e) hyperlipidaemia. Individuals were classified as having cryptogenic cirrhosis if they had the code for cirrhosis (ICD-10 K74.6) but no other identified risk factor or liver disease.