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The Entomological Aspects of Onchocerciasis Control in the Volta River Basin
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
The purpose of vector control is not to eradicate the vectors nor the disease, but to reduce and to maintain vector populations at such a low level that the disease transmission is interrupted or does not represent any more a risk of ocular disease and impaired vision for the villagers or for immigrant farmers settling in deserted valleys.
Chikungunya virus and Japanese encephalitis virus
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Without proven treatment strategies, the best approach to CHIKV infection is therefore preventive. Strategies for vector control and to pre-empt mosquito bites are imperative in endemic areas currently, as there is no vaccine commercially available. However, in November 2015 the United States National Institutes of Health announced sponsorship of a Phase 2 trial for a novel CHIKV vaccine that demonstrated efficacy and safety in a Phase 1 trial across strains of the virus [26]. The vaccine, a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine [27], also promises greater ease of production than virus-based vaccines.
Alternative Methods of Vector Control
Published in Jacques Derek Charlwood, The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, 2019
Alternative methods for vector control include environmental management, biological control and personal protection, such as use of repellents, wearing protective clothes and sleeping under bed nets. Whereas chemical control is highly effective in the early-stage control programmes, more species-specific control, or species sanitation, will become a central component in low and moderate transmission settings when disease incidence nears elimination. Environmental management may include destruction of breeding sites by drainage, filling, impounding, or channelling streams and rivers into canals or by altering the vegetation and shade characteristics of the sites favoured by the vectors.
Visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India: progress and the road ahead
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Om Prakash Singh, Shyam Sundar
The World Health Organization-supported visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination initiative in India does not aim at zero transmission of L. donovani, but at ‘reducing the VL incidence rates in the region below levels of public health concern’ [43]. These were empirically defined as an incidence rate below 1 per 10,000 population per year at sub-district or block PHCs level. Key components of the strategy are the prompt diagnosis and treatment of clinical VL and vector control by systematic indoor residual spraying (IRS) [26]. Vector control is an important tool in bringing down the transmission of the disease. Earlier, insecticides like DDT and deltamethrin were used for vector management, but these were not very effective. Alpha cypermethrin is now being used in control program. However, supply of spray equipments and availability of man power are still major issue and needs to be improved.
Highly sensitive droplet digital PCR-based diagnostics for the surveillance of malaria vector populations in low transmission and incipient resistance settings
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Konstantinos Mavridis, Kleita Michaelidou, John Vontas
Prevention of vector-borne diseases, like malaria, is best realized by vector control, which is largely based on the application of insecticides. The recent decrease (~50%) in malaria cases has largely (~80%) been attributed to the use of insecticides in the forms of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) [6,7]. Indeed, very low malaria transmission settings are the new norm in many African countries, like Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia [8]. However, the intense use of insecticides places an enormous selection pressure on insect vector populations, resulting in the development of insecticide resistance that poses a serious threat for malaria vector control [9,10]. New, or repurposed from crop protection, active ingredients expected to be launched recently (e.g. clothianidin [11], pyriproxyfen [12], chlorfenapyr [13]) alone or in mixtures with traditional insecticides can help overcome this issue. It is important that this effort is supported by highly sensitive diagnostics that can detect emerging insecticide resistance early enough, before it spreads [6,11,14,15].
The senseless orphanage of Chagas disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Orphan Drugs, 2019
Cristina Alonso-Vega, Irene Losada-Galván, María-Jesus Pinazo, Javier Sancho Mas, Joaquim Gascón Brustenga, Julio Alonso-Padilla
Perhaps the sole exception to the absence of specific attention to Chagas disease was the regional implementation of vector control programs. This, together with the improvement in housing habitability conditions (although these were not specifically aimed at controlling the disease), led to a 40% decrease in the number of people affected over time: from the ~17 million in the 1980s to the ~10 by the end of last century and ~7 million today [23]. However, vector control programs have been irregularly implemented in the region, and become an incomplete and inefficient strategy unless they are not accompanied by other specific measures for disease control such as providing information and education to the community, training health-care personnel, and enabling widespread access to diagnosis and treatment.