China
Africa
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Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Sidrah Tariq Khan, Sagheer Ahmed
A study was carried out on 41 confirmed COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China, shortly after the outbreak had begun. Out of the 41 cases, 30 (73%) patients were identified as males [2]. Moreover, case by case deaths occurring due to COVID-19 were analyzed across 38 countries and reports showed that, in the case of women, the case fatality rate (CFR) was 1.7 times lower than that of men (P < 0.0001) female CFR 4.4 (95% CI 3.4–5.5)); (male CFR 7.3 (95% CI 5.4–9.2)) [13]. These findings are consistent with other reports on gender-associated disease severity. The prevalence of male gender-associated fatality in COVID-19 is also coherent with findings from the previous SARS and MERS outbreaks.
Assessing the health of individuals and communities: Health indicators, indexes and scales
Published in Milos Jenicek, Foundations of Evidence-Based Medicine, 2019
A morbidity rate represents the frequency of cases occurring in the whole community, that is, 100 per 500, or 20% in this example. A mortality rate (or death rate) represents the frequency of cases in the same community, that is, 50 per 500, or 10%. It is defined as ‘an estimate of the proportion of the population that dies during a specific period’.2 A case fatality rate represents deaths occurring only in subjects becoming ill, that is, 50 per 100, or 50%. Hence, it is ‘the proportion of cases of specific condition which are fatal within a specified time’.2
African Cities and Ebola
Published in Igor Vojnovic, Amber L. Pearson, Gershim Asiki, Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Adriana Allen, Handbook of Global Urban Health, 2019
Zacchaeus Anywaine, Ggayi Abubaker Mustapher
EVD is a zoonotic disease spread from animals to humans. Fruit bats are highly suspected to be the natural reservoirs of the virus (Biek et al. 2006; Yuan et al. 2012; Olival et al. 2013). Ebola has a high case fatality rate ranging between 25% and 90%, with an average of 50% (Lefebvre et al. 2014). The case fatality rate depends on a number of factors (Garske et al. 2017), including the viral species, the epidemic setting (Gatherer 2015) and time during the epidemic. Mortality is likely to be high in areas with a high population density, poverty and inaccessible health services and where rituals are performed on the dead. The case fatality rate can be decreased through improved medical management, reporting of probable cases and immunization of the exposed populations.
Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19: a review of current evidence
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Sayeeda Rahman, Maria Teresa Villagomez Montero, Kherie Rowe, Rita Kirton, Frank Kunik
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious and infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1,2]. It is well documented that the initial cases of COVID-19 related infection were first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China in December 2019, and were linked to the Huanan Seafood Market [3]. Since then, the infection has spread to over 216 countries and territories. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced that COVID-19 reached pandemic status on 30 January 2020 [4,5] and subsequently, declared a global pandemic in March 2020 [6]. It has since been referred to be ‘the most crucial global health calamity of the century and the greatest challenge that humankind faced since the 2nd World War’ [7]. As of 26 December 2020, there were approximately 80,500,000 confirmed COVID-19 cases worldwide, including 1,700,000 related deaths [8], with a case fatality rate of 2.2%. The case fatality rate varies among countries, estimated from 0 to more than 20% [9]. A second wave of COVID-19 infection has already been recorded in many countries, which may be due to premature relaxation of government-enforced lockdown rules in many parts of the world [10,11]. Several countries have reported a new rise in daily cases higher than the first wave in March 2020 [12,13]. Although there is no shortage of information on this pandemic virus presented in everyday practice, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest information on SARS-CoV-2 highlighting the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Repurposing drugs for the management of COVID-19
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2021
Jacopo Cusinato, Ylenia Cau, Anna Maria Calvani, Mattia Mori
On 30 November 2020, more than 61 million of confirmed COVID-19 cases were recorded worldwide with more than 1.4 million deaths[11], which points to a case fatality rate in the range 2.5–3%, although this percentage might be overestimated by the presence of asymptomatic patients or by the lack of testing capacities. Despite the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and the application of local or national restrictive measures, the infection rate raised especially in some European countries such as Italy, France, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom (UK) as well as in the America, including the United States of America (USA), Canada and south American countries, a scenario that is commonly referred as the ‘second wave’. In contrast, eastern countries such as China, Japan, Korea and Australia were less affected by the reemergence of COVID-19 cases in the fall.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary community hospital in upstate New York
Published in Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives, 2020
Jyotirmayee Lenka, Mamta S. Chhabria, Naman Sharma, Bryan E-Xin Tan, Leela Krishna Teja Boppana, Sharini Venugopal, Damanpaul S. Sondhi
Our case series describes early experience of critically ill patients at a tertiary center in upstate NY. Our findings underscore the higher risk of severe illness in older patients and those with pre-existing medical conditions; and also inform us of the prolonged need of critical care resources in those critically ill with COVID-19. These findings can be used to screen patients at higher risk, and to guide resource allocation. Our case fatality rate (CFR) was lower than prior published data, rendering hope that with adequate medical infrastructure and timely resource allocation, mortality from COVID-19 may not be as high as currently reported in parts of the world where healthcare systems have become strained. Nevertheless, much remains unknown about the appropriate ventilation and management strategies of these patients. Large-scale prospective studies are needed to further elucidate the efficacy of novel treatments, and identify specific predictors of mortality and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.