China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Nanomedicine Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Saima Zulfiqar, Zunaira Naeem, Shahzad Sharif, Ayoub Rashid Ch., M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
Keeping in view the cost as well as problems of COVID patients, there should be such dialysis technology that is convenient and efficient for patients in all respective. MXenes used as novel sorbents can be reused, have small size as well as lightweight, for example, Ti3C2 MXene can be used for the removal of uremic toxin [215]. Researchers have assumed them as potential material to remold the renal replacement therapy [216].
Evolution of Hemodialysis Technology
Published in Sirshendu De, Anirban Roy, Hemodialysis Membranes, 2017
Clearance is defined as the removal rate (mL/min) of uremic toxins in a single pass. Its general equation is where QBi is the inlet blood flowQB0 is the outlet blood flowCBi is the inlet blood concentration of the uremic toxinCB0 is the outlet blood concentration of the uremic toxin This is the generalized equation that accounts for UF, that is, loss of fluid to the dialysate side. In case of zero UF, that is, with the inlet and outlet blood flows being equal, Equation 2.3 reduces to31 where CBi and CB0 are the inlet and outlet solute concentrations in blood, respectivelyQB is the blood flow rate
Marine Drugs: A Source of Medicines for Neuroinflammatory Disorders
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Arunachalam Muthuraman, Narahari Rishitha, Nallapilai Paramakrishnan
VaD is also caused by neurovascular inflammation. The primary etiology of neurovascular inflammation is acquired by metabolic waste products like uremic toxin like creatinine, & urea; accumulation of peroxidative products of lipids; formation of carbonyl protein and advanced glycation end products (AGE) in diabetes; and accumulation of toxic amino acid, i.e., homocysteine (Requena et al., 1996). These factors are enhancing the formation of free radicals, activation of neuroglial cells; alteration of mitochondrial function; and breakdown of DNA leads to accelerating the neuroinflammatory process in cerebral endothelial cells and neuronal system (Agostinho et al., 2010). It may subsequent or direct action on the neurovascular system. Further, it also induces the neurodegeneration and misfolding of proteins in the neurovascular system and it causes the loss of memory, and abnormal motor function (Sas et al., 2007). The administration of nootropic agents, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory agents, and phytomedicines are able to reduce the symptoms of VaD (Anekonda and Reddy, 2005). However, the potency and efficacy remain poor to treat VaD disorders. Some marine drugs, i.e., CEP-1347, Xyloketal B, polyphenolic compounds of Ecklonia cava and pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6-bieckol are ameliorated from the progress of VaD via anti-inflammatory action on the neurovascular system (Carlsson et al., 2009; Gong et al., 2018; Koirala et al., 2017; Oh et al., 2018). Further, some of the marine drugs ameliorate dementia associated with cognitive impairments and neuroinflammation. Such agents are akebiasaponin D, fermented products of Laminaria japonica and Urechis unicinctus. These agents also possess potent neuro-protective actions and prevention of neurotoxin associated VaD (Reid et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2018)
The paradigm shift from polycythemia to anemia in COPD: the critical role of the renin–angiotensin system inhibitors
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Vassilios Vlahakos, Katerina Marathias, Sofia Lionaki, Stelios Loukides, Spyros Zakynthinos, Demetrios Vlahakos
Prevalence of anemia increases with age, especially in industrialized countries. COPD is a disease that affects the aging population, and the average age of patients with COPD is 70 years. Therefore, anemia in COPD may be related, at least in part, to the aging process. In a cohort from Japan with stable patients with COPD, Haraguchi et al observed anemia in 16% of patients <75 years old, but in 37% of patients >75 years old [22]. Recent studies have shown that the aging kidney undergoes a variety of structural changes and altered hemodynamics that impair its ability to withstand and recover from injury. Hence, the susceptibility of the aged population to acute kidney injury (AKI) and progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high [28]. Patients with COPD have approximately twice the incidence of AKI and three times the prevalence of CKD than age-matched and gender-matched controls [29]. Renal insufficiency may be present in around one-fifth of COPD patients, but often goes undiagnosed, especially in elderly COPD patients with cachexia and small muscle mass [30]. The ability of the kidney to secrete erythropoietin (EPO) in response to tissue hypoxia declines with aging in parallel with the decline of renal function, particularly in those patients with severe renal impairment [31]. Although the relative EPO deficiency may contribute to the anemia of renal insufficiency, it is not the sole cause. Circulating uremic inhibitors, such as indoxyl sulfate, a prototype uremic toxin, may contribute to renal anemia [32].
Biomarkers of disease in human nails: a comprehensive review
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Sarahi Jaramillo Ortiz, Michael Howsam, Elisabeth H. van Aken, Joris R. Delanghe, Eric Boulanger, Frédéric J. Tessier
De Bruyne and colleagues studied carbamoylation biomarkers in the fingernails of hemodialysis patients using NIR analysis to examine prognostic and risk biomarkers among patients CKD [53]. In their cross-sectional cohort study, 53 healthy volunteers and 84 hemodialysis patients were examined and NIR spectra reflected the elevated levels of both a circulating uremic toxin and risk of mortality among the CKD patients compared with controls. The intensity of the peak at 1,494 nm in the NIR spectra was significantly higher in dialysis patients compared with controls and associated with plasma levels of the uremic toxins indoxyl sulfate, p-cresylglucuronide, and hippuric acid. Even after adjusting for age, the intensity of this peak was positively associated with all-cause mortality. This study raises the possibility that a relatively simple, rapid, and noninvasive analytical procedure could serve as a prognostic and risk biomarker to inform the clinical management of CKD, identifying those patients most at risk of death in a timely manner.
Microbiota-derived uremic retention solutes: perpetrators of altered nonrenal drug clearance in kidney disease
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2018
Alexander J Prokopienko, Thomas D Nolin
There are known alterations to hepatic drug metabolism and transport pathways in patients with kidney disease that place this population at increased risk of drug-related adverse events.Microbial imbalances, known as dysbiosis, in kidney disease potentially increases the production and the absorption of microbiota-derived uremic toxins.Microbiota-derived uremic toxins accumulate in advancing stages of kidney disease and directly affect Phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transport pathways.Microbiota-derived uremic toxin research in kidney disease patients presents unique opportunities for clinical pharmacologists. Identifying druggable microbiota-centered targets is a challenge for future research.