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Urinary system
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
= disorder of protein metabolism Protein depositsAmyloid stains red with Congo red dye
Metabolism, nutrition, exercise and temperature regulation
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2015
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Protein metabolism requires the intake of essential amino acids such as leucine. Essential amino acids are irreversibly degraded. Non-essential amino acids such as alanine are degraded and re-synthesized daily. Fat metabolism involves lipoproteins that transfer triglycerides and cholesterol derived from food or from hepatic synthesis to peripheral tissues and the liver.
Biology of microbes
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
Protein metabolism. Many of the spoilage organisms and pathogens are efficient protein degraders. They secrete protease exo-enzymes to hydrolyze proteins into amino acids that can then be transported into cells. After the amino acids enter cells, they can be deaminated to remove their amino groups and produce tricarboxylic acid intermediates from which intermediates for either biosynthesis or energy may be obtained from the NADH produced that is coupled to electron transport.
Panax ginseng improves physical recovery and energy utilization on chronic fatigue in rats through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Guolei Zhang, BoFan Lu, Enhui Wang, Wei Wang, Zheng Li, Lili Jiao, Hui Li, Wei Wu
The exercise-induced physical decline coincides with glycogen consumption, and increasing the storage of liver and muscle glycogen can effectively improve exercise endurance (Gonzalez et al. 2016; Zhao et al. 2018). In this study, P. ginseng significantly increased the glycogen reserves of the liver and muscles, which is consistent with the effect of P. ginseng reported in the literature (Zhuang et al. 2014). During rigorous exercise, the metabolism and oxidation of carbohydrates and fats cannot meet energy needs. Therefore, protein metabolism is mobilized to maintain the body’s exercise capacity, which produces incomplete oxidation products such as LD, FFA and BUN. The content of BUN is increased; therefore, LD, FFA and BUN levels can reflect the exercise tolerance (Jung et al. 2004). It has been reported that P. ginseng can remove or inhibit fatigue metabolites and exert an antifatigue effect (Ma et al. 2017). This study also showed that P. ginseng has an antifatigue effect, reduces LA, FFA and BUN levels, and spares glycogen consumption. Na+–K+-ATPase and Ca2+–Mg2+-ATPase activities in the process of energy utilization were critical to energy utilization (Boovarahan et al. 2021). Obviously, the activity of Na+–K+-ATPase and Ca2+–Mg2+-ATPase in the skeletal muscle of EEP-treated fatigued rats increased dramatically compared to the fatigued rats, consistent with the biochemical indicators.
Environmental biomonitoring by snails
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Methonayl Lannate exposure for 48 h at a concentration of 25–500 mg/L causes a significant decrease in AChE activity of Eobania vermiculata. The alteration in total protein metabolism accelerated mortality rate, and structural harm to the metabolic components, was observed due to its exposure. It was observed that the exposure of Tributyltin (TBT) and Triphenyltin (TPT) to Eobania vermiculata for 48 h at concentration 2.0 mg/L induces the imposex and development of the penis in certain female snails. Chlorpyrifos exposure (0.025 mg/L, 7 days) affects the enzymatic activities of Helisoma duryi. Its exposure increases the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and NADPH-Quinone-oxidoreductase. Lymnaea stagnalis on exposure to Malathion, the concentration of 0.000001 mg/L, exposed to 5 weeks, decreases the haemocyte count, and low egg-laying.
Hepatoprotective effects of Psidium guajava on mitochondrial enzymes and inflammatory markers in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Kalaiyarasan Vijayakumar, Vijaya Anand Arumugam, Manikandan Ramasamy, Manoharan Natesan, Sampathkumar Palanisamy, Nargis Begum Thajuddin, Balamuralikrishnan Balasubramanian, Arun Meyyazhagan
A healthy liver is so crucial for protein metabolism since the liver disease is frequently associated with alterations in proteins and disturbances of protein metabolism [39]. Albumin and globulins are the two key components of serum proteins. As albumin is synthesized in the liver, it is an element that is used to monitor the liver function [40]. In the present study, the significant decrease in albumin levels in CCl4-treated albino rats could be attributed to the suppressed protein synthesis in the liver. Globulin content is increased in CCl4-induced animals appears to be compensatory, as the ratio of A/G ratio showed a significant fall in this group of animals. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum total proteins, albumin and A/G ratio was observed in ethanolic extract P. guajava and its isolated quercetin fraction administered rats. The stabilization of serum protein levels through the administration of isolated quercetin fraction is a clear indication of the improvement of the functional status of the liver cells.