China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Historical Perspectives on Psychoneuroimmunology
Published in Herman Friedman, Thomas W. Klein, Andrea L. Friedman, Psychoneuroimmunology, Stress, and Infection, 2020
The notion of integration is neither new nor, for the most part, can it be considered controversial. It was David Hamburg, I think, who pointed out that biochemistry, a hybrid discipline, was initially viewed as a combination of poor biology and weak chemistry. Today, it is basic and central to the study of medicine. Psychopharmacology is a recognition of the fact that drug effects depend to a large extent on the state of the organism into whom they are introduced. Neuroendocrinology reflects an appreciation of the fact that the functions of the endocrine system can not be fully understood without reference to its interactions with the nervous system. And psychoneuroendocrinology acknowledges that the feedback and feed forward pathways between these “systems” influence and are influenced by behavior. Hybrid disciplines are not always or solely attempts at integration or synthesis. Basic fields such as neurochemistry or immunopharmacology, and clinical subspecialties such as neuropsychiatry, for example, designate a focus within a parent “discipline.” In fact, in keeping with the Zeitgeist of the biomedical model, the latter reductionistic referent is probably the more common one.
Synthesis, Enzyme Localization, and Regulation of Neurosteroids
Published in Sheryl S. Smith, Neurosteroid Effects in the Central Nervous System, 2003
83, 1997. Korneyev, A., Costa, E., and Guidotti, A., During anesthetic-induced activation of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, blood borne steroids fail to contribute to the anesthetic effect, Neuroendocrinology, 57, 559, 1993.Khisti, R.T., Kralic, J.E., Van Doren, M.J., et al., Adrenalectomy attenuates increase in cortical allopregnanolone and behavioral effects induced by acute ethanol administration, Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res., 26, 103A, 2002.Khisti, R.T., Penland, S.N., Van Doren, M.J., et al., Neurosteroid modulation of ethanol action, World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 3, 87, 2002.Morrow, A.L., VanDoren, M.J., Penland, S.N., et al., The role of GABAergic neuroactive steroids in ethanol action, tolerance and dependence, Brain Res. Rev., 37, 98,
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
The process by which an individual is created from the GAMETES of one or more parents. Reproductive behaviours are those which aid in this process, from SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR to parental behaviour (see MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR). Reproductive NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY refers to the ENDOCRINE and neural processes that foster sperm and egg development and release, fertilization, PREGNANCY, PARTURITION, and LACTATION. Reproductive strategies refer to both the type of reproduction that occurs and the behaviours that make it so.
Genetic variants of FGFR family associated with height, hypertension, and osteoporosis
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2023
Hye-Won Cho, Hyun-Seok Jin, Yong-Bin Eom
Neurological and skeletal conditions are intimately interrelated, so much so that the new field of neuroendocrinology arose based on the evidence that pituitary hormones directly control metabolism and bone remodelling (Mazziotti et al. 2018). For example, activation of the thyroid is under the control of TSH-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary (Liyanarachchi and Debono 2017). Accordingly, the thyroid hormone level is set based on the interactions of different components of the hypothalamus-pituitary thyroid (HPT)-bone axis (Sharan and Yadav 2014). TSH produced by the pituitary gland acts on the TSH receptor (TSHR), and overexpression of TSHR inhibits osteoclastogenesis (Mazziotti et al. 2018). On the contrary, an increase in osteoclast development was observed in tshr-null mice lacking exon 1 of the tshr gene, suggesting that TSH may have osteoprotective effects (Marians et al. 2002). Referring to the GTEx portal, the present study verified statistically significant single-tissue sQTLs of genetic signals of the FGFR3 gene in the pituitary and hypothalamus. Given the overall endocrinological and physiological function of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis, our study supports the potential value of the FGFR3 gene in the bone remodelling process via the hypothalamus-pituitary axis.
An overview of ghrelin O-acyltransferase inhibitors: a literature and patent review for 2010-2019
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Jacob E. Moose, Katelyn A. Leets, Nilamber A. Mate, John D. Chisholm, James L. Hougland
The recent creation of a structural model of GOAT now offers new opportunities for understanding how reported GOAT inhibitors function and should accelerate understanding of how the most potent GOAT inhibitors interact with the enzyme [58]. The growing body of biochemical and structural knowledge regarding the ghrelin/GOAT system can now enable virtual inhibitor screening, rational design of substrate- and product mimetic inhibitors, efficient optimization of known GOAT inhibitors, and offers options for the creation of mechanism-based GOAT inhibitors. Further development in GOAT activity assays will be needed to enable economical high-throughput screening to support these continuing inhibitor development efforts, providing new options compared to the ELISA-based screens reported for industrial programs. Working in concert, these approaches will allow researchers to rapidly apply these molecular tools to further elucidate ghrelin-dependent signaling pathways and explore interconnections between ghrelin and other metabolism-regulating hormones such as insulin. These studies will advance our knowledge of how GOAT and ghrelin perform their essential roles in controlling metabolic regulation and neuroendocrinology. Looking past ghrelin and GOAT, the successful elucidation of the catalytic strategies employed by GOAT and inhibitor development targeting this acyltransferase will inform parallel studies of other MBOAT family members that are considered validated cancer drug targets [176–178].
An overview of the neuroendocrine system in Parkinson’s disease: what is the impact on diagnosis and treatment?
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2020
Neuroendocrinology is the field exploring bidirectional interaction between the nervous system and the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis of the organism [1]. The neuroendocrine system used to be described as the sets of neurons, glands, and non-endocrine tissues sharing co-production and responsiveness to a wide spectrum of neurochemicals, hormones, and humoral signals which participate in an integrated regulation of a physiological and behavioral state [2]. The central neuroendocrine system consists of the main axes including the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the target organs such as the adrenal glands, the thyroid, and the gonads. Apart from these hierarchically functioning axes based on the negative feedback loops, there are numerous neuroendocrine cells spread all over the body almost in every organ constituting also an integral component of the neuroendocrine system. This diffuse neuroendocrine system (APUD – amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) actively participates in the neuroendocrine interactions [1].