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Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Adrenal Glands
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Zona fasciculata (ZF)Constitutes up to 75% of the cortex.Secretes mainly cortisol glucocorticoid and some androgen precursors.Cortisol increases in response to stress. Maintains blood pressure (increases the effect of vasoconstrictors).Suppresses the immune system.Increases gluconeogenesis and decreases peripheral glucose uptake.Activates lipolysis.Bone resorption.Skin thinning.
Carbohydrate-Lipid Interactions in Pregnancy
Published in Emilio Herrera, Robert H. Knopp, Perinatal Biochemistry, 2020
Emilio Herrera, Miguel Angel Lasunción, Antonia Martín, Antonio Zorzano
Sustained accelerated lipolytic activity in adipose tissue requires the availability of sufficient fat depots. The importance of body fat accumulation to key metabolic interactions for both the mother and the fetus during late gestation is consistent with the fact that this accumulation of body fat is one of the most striking features of gestation in both women47,48 and experimental animals.49–52 Body fat accumulation increases progressively with gestation but stops or even declines during the last trimester.47,48,52,53 This change in body fat content seems to account for most of conceptus-free maternal body weight increase during gestation which has been found to coincide very closely with the increase in carcass fat content in the pregnant rat at different days of gestation.53
Features of Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus and Ischemic Heart Disease
Published in E.I. Sokolov, Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus, 2020
A lipid load is the best physiological test for determining the functional possibilities of the metabolic activities of an organism. Fat loads are quite popular under clinical conditions. They vary in composition, but do not differ noticeably in their energy value and average about 1300 kcal (or 5443 kJ). All investigators noted an increase in the triglyceride level in the blood plasma in from two to six hours after a fat load. After eight or nine hours, the level returned to normal. The lipolytic activity of the blood plasma also increased in from three to six hours, while in five or six hours the content of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the plasma increased. Most clinicians find that with a lipid load, the level of triglycerides in the plasma changes the most obviously. It depends both on the amount of fat eaten and on the capture of triglycerides by extraliver tissues. Very contradictory data were obtained when determining the cholesterol level after a fat load: some authors noted only an insignificant increase of it, while others found no differences in the cholesterol amount.
Methylglyoxal impairs β-adrenergic signalling in primary rat adipocytes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Tomasz Szkudelski, Aleksandra Cieślewicz, Katarzyna Szkudelska
In conclusion, results of the present study revealed for the first time that MG diminishes epinephrine-induced lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes. This inhibitory effect was observed already after 2-h incubation and was shown not to be associated with any intracellular defects. Although the direct chemical interaction of MG and epinephrine was not studied, the obtained outcomes allow us to suppose that MG may impair β-adrenergic signalling due to inhibition of epinephrine action, without affecting the lipolytic pathway itself. Moreover, it was demonstrated that MG fails to disturb the action of insulin in adipocytes. These results indicate that metabolism of adipocytes involving lipid release may be markedly impaired by short-term action of MG. Given that lipolysis in adipose tissue leads to release of energy substrates, inhibition of this process by MG can result in insufficient energy supply for other tissues. Moreover, restriction of the lipolytic process may be associated with increased lipid accumulation in fat cells.
Effect of Raspberry Ketone on Normal, Obese and Health-Compromised Obese Mice: A Preliminary Study
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Tahir Maqbool Mir, Guoyi Ma, Zulfiqar Ali, Ikhlas A. Khan, Mohammad K. Ashfaq
Fruits of Rubus idaeus L. commonly known as red raspberries are widely available and possess both nutritional and medicinal properties. They possess several essential micronutrients, dietary fibers, and phenolic components, especially raspberry ketone ellagitannins, and anthocyanins. Scientific reports indicate that raspberries are being used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, obesity, and neurodegeneration (Burton-Freeman et al. 2016; Kristo et al. 2016; Noratto et al. 2016). Raspberry ketone is an aromatic compound predominantly found in raspberries and also in other fruits, including black raspberries and kiwifruit (Ulbricht et al. 2011). It is widely used as a fragrance in cosmetics and flavoring agent in foodstuff. Several reports have demonstrated its lipolytic and anti-obesity activities (Morimoto et al. 2005; Leu et al. 2018; Mehanna et al. 2018). In the present study, we induced obesity in mice by feeding them for 10 weeks on a high-fat diet. Increases in body weight and fat storage was noted in accordance with the previously published reports (Morimoto et al. 2005; Mukai et al. 2016). In addition, we explored the possible adverse effects of consumption of RK during normal obese and health compromised obese condition in mice.
Development and optimization of sitagliptin and dapagliflozin loaded oral self-nanoemulsifying formulation against type 2 diabetes mellitus
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Mohsin Kazi, Abdulmohsen Alqahtani, Ajaz Ahmad, Omar M. Noman, Mohammed S. Aldughaim, Ali S. Alqahtani, Fars K. Alanazi
The purpose of the in vitro lipolysis study was to see if any precipitation occurred during the lipolysis test period of 30 min. The results in Figure 7 showed that the concentrations of SN and DN were found approximately 85% at 5 min, which suggested incomplete release of the drugs in the digests. However, the 100% drug release was achieved after completion of the lipolysis reaction for 30 min in presence of pancreatic lipase/co-lipase. There was not any precipitation recorded for both SN and DN which was supported by the above dynamic dispersion results in the current studies. However, it has been reported by Thomas et al. that in vitro lipolysis data does not predict adequately the in vivo performance of a self-nanoemulsifying lipid-based drug delivery systems (SNEDDS; Thomas et al., 2014). Furthermore, SNEDDS formulation are very flexible to produce diverse dosage forms such as liquid palatable solution, and conversion into solid dosage forms (self-emulsifying tablets, multiparticulate beads, and pellets etc.). Therefore, liquid SNEDDS have been remained as extensively demanding and effective alternatives to conventional emulsion or tablets.