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Pathophysiology of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
The liver can manufacture glucose, but glycogen synthesis is reduced. Without insulin, gluconeogenesis is uncontrolled. Therefore, blood glucose levels increase, and blood glucose remains in the body. The muscle and fat tissues are simultaneously starved for glucose. Glucagon secretion is not linked to blood glucose levels, yet insulin is important in the regulation of glucagon secretion. Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis are processes in the body that become stimulated. Increased lipolysis causes elevation of free fatty acids in the blood. Fatty acid molecules are partly taken up by the liver, and incorporated into lipoproteins. This increases levels of very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), risk factors for heart disease. Ketone bodies are produced by excessive lipolysis, unable to be inhibited without insulin. Dangerous ketoacidosis can develop if ketone levels are extremely elevated. Administration of insulin is required.
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Adrenal Glands
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Zona fasciculata (ZF)Constitutes up to 75% of the cortex.Secretes mainly cortisol glucocorticoid and some androgen precursors.Cortisol increases in response to stress. Maintains blood pressure (increases the effect of vasoconstrictors).Suppresses the immune system.Increases gluconeogenesis and decreases peripheral glucose uptake.Activates lipolysis.Bone resorption.Skin thinning.
The lower third of the face
Published in Jani van Loghem, Calcium Hydroxylapatite Soft Tissue Fillers, 2020
Before addressing the PJS, a lifting technique, like cheek augmentation and mandibular angle augmentation may be considered. Deep injection of CaHA or other volumizers to the cheek and CaHA to the mandible will usually reduce the PJS. Also, mentum augmentation will in many cases improve the aspect of the PJS. Improving skin quality and tightening the skin (e.g., by laser resurfacing, etc.) will aid in the reduction of the PJS. Lastly, fat-reducing therapy like (laser or injectable) lipolysis of the jowl fat may be of value.
Methylglyoxal impairs β-adrenergic signalling in primary rat adipocytes
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Tomasz Szkudelski, Aleksandra Cieślewicz, Katarzyna Szkudelska
In conclusion, results of the present study revealed for the first time that MG diminishes epinephrine-induced lipolysis in isolated rat adipocytes. This inhibitory effect was observed already after 2-h incubation and was shown not to be associated with any intracellular defects. Although the direct chemical interaction of MG and epinephrine was not studied, the obtained outcomes allow us to suppose that MG may impair β-adrenergic signalling due to inhibition of epinephrine action, without affecting the lipolytic pathway itself. Moreover, it was demonstrated that MG fails to disturb the action of insulin in adipocytes. These results indicate that metabolism of adipocytes involving lipid release may be markedly impaired by short-term action of MG. Given that lipolysis in adipose tissue leads to release of energy substrates, inhibition of this process by MG can result in insufficient energy supply for other tissues. Moreover, restriction of the lipolytic process may be associated with increased lipid accumulation in fat cells.
Adipocytes express tissue factor and FVII and are procoagulant in a TF/FVIIa-dependent manner
Published in Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 2019
Desirée Edén, Grigorios Panagiotou, Dariush Mokhtari, Jan W. Eriksson, Mikael Åberg, Agneta Siegbahn
Lipolysis assay in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was performed after DREAM in all experiments. Experiments were conducted using the Abcam lipolysis assay kit (ab185433) as described by the manufacturer with adjustments for volumes suitable for 24-well plates. Briefly, cells were washed and kept in buffers supplied in the kit. For the different experiments, 10 nM of mFVIIa or 25 μM of PAR1 or PAR2 agonists was added for 30 min followed by incubation with 5 nM isoproterenol for 3 h. Glycerol released to the medium was measured by colorimetric absorbance read at 570 nm. For lipolysis estimations with long-term cytokine exposure, cells were DREAMed and allowed to settle for 24 h. Thereafter, cells were pre-stimulated with FVIIa (10 nM, 30 min) and subsequently kept for 48 h in growth medium supplemented with a mixture of TNF-alfa (10 ng/mL), IL-1 beta (5 ng/mL), and IFN-gamma (5 ng/mL). Lipolysis assay was thereafter performed as described above.
Severe nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and type 2 diabetes: liver histology after weight loss therapy in a randomized clinical trial
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Kuat Oshakbayev, Bakytzhan Bimbetov, Kenzhegul Manekenova, Gulnara Bedelbayeva, Khalit Mustafin, Bibazhar Dukenbayeva
Many studies point out that physical activity is an important factor with NASH, because physical activity leads to weight loss. A main intention of physical activity in ANADETO is providing blood circulation for decrease in metabolic products in the blood during the calorie restriction period. Calorie restriction leads to endogen lipolysis progression. Sodium ions are a main transporter in the body, therefore salt intake was mandatory during the ANADETO period20. Exercise improves the endothelial nitric oxide and prostaglandins pathways21. Adipose tissue is able to absorb different persistent metabolic pollutants, consequently the tissue plays an important role in accumulation of pollutants22,23. Metabolic products within the lipolysis progress need to be eliminated from the body23,24. As shown above, our weight loss method was associated with symptoms of metabolic intoxication such as asthenia, dark urine, fever, increased leukocyte count and diarrhea. These symptoms are common during weight loss2,3,7,8. Physical activity during weight loss maintains elimination of metabolites by increase in perfusion of vital organs21,25. Sexual self-restraint allows saving of androgens in both genders26,27. The motivated weight loss method allows the activation of endogen lipolysis and correction of metabolic intoxication symptoms. During weight loss metabolic intoxication symptoms need to be controlled.