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Ovarian cyst and tumors
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Bryan J. Dicken, Deborah F. Billmire
US findings suspicious for neoplasm should also be evaluated by computed tomography (CT) scan to assess for adenopathy, hepatic involvement, and presence of tumor elsewhere within the peritoneal cavity. Tumor markers alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG), and inhibin should be determined preoperatively. AFP is elevated in tumors that contain the malignant germ-cell element endodermal sinus tumor and β-HCG is elevated in tumors that contain the malignant element choriocarcinoma. Inhibin is secreted from the ovarian follicle, and may be elevated with granulosa cell tumors and mucinous subtype of epithelial carcinoma.
Anatomy and physiology
Published in Suzanne Everett, Handbook of Contraception and Sexual Health, 2020
Ovulation is the release of the ovum from the Graafian follicle; it is thought that the follicular fluid pressure increases, causing the release of the ovum. Inhibin has been found in follicular fluid, and it is thought that this may determine how many follicles are released at ovulation and may have links with polycystic ovary disease. Anovulation occurs in 10% of ovarian cycles, but if women have regular menstrual cycles, this indicates ovulation. Some women experience lower abdominal pain on ovulation which is known as mittelschmerz, and some may experience a small amount of bleeding which is due to falling hormone levels.
Regulation of Reproduction by Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The testes also produce several protein hormones that include activin, inhibin, and follistatin [26]. Inhibins are released into the blood and suppress pituitary FSH secretion, whereas activins mostly exert their actions as local paracrine/autocrine growth factors. Follistatin is a potent activin binding protein, which also modulates local biological functions. Inhibin is a dimeric glycoprotein existing in two bioactive forms: A and B. Inhibin B shows temporal changes in its expression with the changing role of the Sertoli cell in immature and adult testes. In the adult, the levels of inhibin B are positively correlated with sperm number and spermatogenic status and are negatively correlated with serum FSH levels. Production of inhibin B is regulated by complex interactions between FSH, Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and germ cells. Inhibin may also play a role at autocrine or paracrine levels in modulating the actions of activin. Other compounds such as opioids, GnRH-like peptides, vasopressin, oxytocin, and several growth factors have also been detected in the testes and appear to function as paracrine agents.
A bibliometric analysis of primary ovarian insufficiency from 2010 to 2020
Published in Climacteric, 2022
Z.-H. Deng, H.-J. Tan, L. Wang, P.-P. Long, D. Guo, R.-P. Quan, M.-H. Zeng, H.-W. Deng, H.-M. Xiao
The decline of ovarian function is a continuum and is progressive. When ovarian dysfunction starts, indicators of ovarian reserve have begun deteriorating [44]. Therefore, disease risks can be found and early interventions can delay disease progression by detecting ovarian reserve indicators. The term ‘ovarian reserve’ encompasses both the quantity and the quality of primordial follicles [45]. In fact, no method can directly measure the number of primordial follicles or the quality of oocytes at present. FSH is the single one used for POI diagnosis but is limited by its high variability in the menstrual circles. Inhibin B is the most commonly used marker for ovarian activity rather than ovarian reserve. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced by ovarian granulosa cells, mainly regulates the recruitment of primordial follicles and the selection of dominant follicles. Its level in serum is relatively stable, and it can show higher sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of pre-POI and POI compared with FSH, inhibin B or other indicators [44]. Antral follicle counting can reflect the number of early follicles and the stock of primordial follicles. The serum AMH level is positively correlated with antral follicle counting, so the combination of AMH and antral follicle counting is commonly used to evaluate ovarian reserve function.
FSHR antagonists can trigger a PCOS-like state
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Faiza Hanif Waghu, Karishma Desai, Sumana Srinivasan, Kaushiki S. Prabhudesai, Vikas Dighe, Kareenhalli V. Venkatesh, Susan Idicula-Thomas
Apart from CYP17A1 and LHCGR, inhibins are also reported to be differently expressed in women with PCOS. Inhibins are heterodimeric peptide hormones involved in hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian axis that inhibit FSH secretion by the pituitary in phase-dependent manner. Inhibin A is predominantly secreted during the late follicular phase by granulosa cells of dominant follicle (de Kretser et al. 2002). Inhibin levels play a critical role in PCOS pathogenesis. In PCOS, due to aberrant folliculogenesis, the ovaries contain higher number of pre-antral follicles (Webber et al. 2003; Maciel et al. 2004). mRNA levels of Inhba were found to be significantly lower in follicles obtained from women with PCOS; indicative that insufficient inhibin secretion is associated with follicular arrest observed in PCOS (Fujiwara et al. 2001). Serum levels of inhibin A were significantly lower in women diagnosed with PCOS as compared to control group (Segal et al. 2010). We observed reduced mRNA levels of Inhba in ovaries of peptide-treated adult female rats as compared to ovaries of vehicle-treated rats (Figure 1). The results of gene expression analysis in toto indicated that administration of the FSHR antagonist peptide in adult female rats triggered a PCOS-like state. A limitation of the in vivo study is the use of small number of biological samples and restricted subset of genes known to be dysregulated in PCOS. The results will eventually have to be validated on a larger dataset to confirm the observations and obtain statistically significant results.
Extraovarian juvenile granulosa cell tumor in a prepubertal child: novel location of a rare tumor
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2020
İdil Rana User, Burak Ardıçlı, Bilgehan Yalçın, Diclehan Orhan, Eren Müngen, Nursun Özcan, Saniye Ekinci
Clinically, JGCT manifest with either signs of hormonal activation (isosexual precocious puberty), or abdominal pain and distention due to mass effect. Hormone levels can be helpful in diagnosis and follow-up. Serum inhibin is a reliable marker in JGCT but may not increase in every patient.3 Besides, due to rarity of this tumor, inhibin is seldomly studied in the work-up of an abdominal or ovarian tumor. We studied tumor markers significant in case of a teratoma or neurogenic tumors which were our preliminary diagnosis given the location and imaging characteristics. Our patient’s ovaries were normal in the imaging studies and she had no hormonal manifestations in the preoperative period. Regarding imaging studies, the well-defined capsule and heterogeneous cystic structure of the mass suggested a germ cell tumor. However, neurogenic origin of tumor could not be excluded due to adjacent location to adrenal gland in this age group. Definitive diagnosis was made with pathologic examination.