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Postpartum Health and Lactation
Published in Michelle Tollefson, Nancy Eriksen, Neha Pathak, Improving Women's Health Across the Lifespan, 2021
Kristi R. VanWinden, Elizabeth Collins
As discussed previously, women with a history of GDM should be screened for overt diabetes 4–12 weeks postpartum.1,35 If consistent with diabetes, the patient should be referred for lifestyle and medical management. Testing should be repeated yearly if there is evidence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and at least every 3 years if normal.35 Lifestyle interventions are recommended for all women with a history of GDM, as they have been shown to be effective in reducing progression from IGT to Type 2 diabetes83 and to reduce PPWR and PPD in women with a history of GDM.84
Exercise Prescription for Apparently Healthy Individuals and for Special Populations
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus are characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels. Since physical activity facilitates glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, it can serve as an important mechanism of managing glucose concentration in either disease. In addition, through its effect on weight management, an adequate amount of physical activity (combined with a prudent diet) may assist in partial or, more rarely, full reversal of type 2 diabetes. Proper physical activity can also improve one’s cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile. Exercise can also be an effective means of preventing diabetes onset in people with impaired glucose tolerance.26
Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease in the elderly
Published in Wilbert S. Aronow, Jerome L. Fleg, Michael W. Rich, Tresch and Aronow’s Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly, 2019
The cardiovascular effects of α-glucosidase inhibitors were evaluated in the Study to Prevent Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (STOP-NIDDM) trial. This study randomized 1429 patients with impaired glucose tolerance to placebo or acarbose 100 mg thrice daily for prevention of type 2 diabetes. A substudy assessed the development of major cardiovascular events and hypertension. Acarbose was associated with a 49% relative risk reduction (hazard ratio 0.51; 95% CI; 0.28–0.95; p = 0.03) and 2.5% absolute risk reduction of incident cardiovascular events (137).
Oxidative Status and Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis Are Changed During 75 g Oral Glucose Tolerance Test over a Five-Hour Period
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Zeynep Küskü Kiraz, Ezgi Kar, Fatih Kar, Evin Kocatürk, Medine Nur Kebapçı, İ. Özkan Alataş, Sema Uslu
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group found that approximately 30% of patients with prediabetes develop Diabetes Mellitus (DM) after 3 to 5 years of follow-up in the absence of any dietary and lifestyle intervention [1]. In addition, impaired glucose tolerance and increased fasting glucose should not be underestimated because they constitute important risk factors, especially in the development of cardiovascular diseases [2, 3]. These stages before the manifestation of Type 2 DM should be diagnosed as early as possible. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is a type of dynamic function test that has been widely used for nearly a century [4] and is used to evaluate glucose tolerance. OGTT is applied by measuring plasma glucose concentrations after 2-hour post oral glucose load [5] and these results are used for the diagnosis of prediabetes and diabetes [6].
Evaluation of the effects of bredemolic acid on selected markers of glucose homeostasis in diet-induced prediabetic rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Akinjide Moses Akinnuga, Angezwa Siboto, Bongiwe Khumalo, Ntethelelo Hopewell Sibiya, Phikelelani Ngubane, Andile Khathi
While abnormal glucose metabolism is often associated with overt T2DM, studies have shown that these abnormalities begin in the PD state (Brannick et al. 2016, Luvuno et al. 2016). In the PD condition, hyperinsulinaemia results as a compensatory mechanism to regulate insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance (Tabák et al. 2012). Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and sustained intermediate hyperglycaemia (Brannick et al. 2016). Subsequently, glucose uptake decreases gradually and the insulin-dependent peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscles are gradually starved of glucose, thus causing a decrease in glycogen level in the muscles (Brannick et al. 2016). Supposedly, due to decreased glucose uptake, the peripheral cells are depleted of energy. Therefore, a compensatory mechanism of ghrelin hormone release is initiated to stimulate the hypothalamus via the orexigenic signalling pathway and increase food intake (hyperphagia) to circumvent hypoglycaemia (Chabot et al. 2014).
Investigating the root cause of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation in metformin pharmaceutical products
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Nasr Eldin Hussein Nasr, Metwaly Gamel Metwaly, Eman Osama Ahmed, Ahmed Roshdy Fares, Aliaa Nabil ElMeshad
The International Diabetes Federation in 2019 has reported that 463 million, of the world’s population aged 20 to 79 years have diabetes and this is expected to increase to 578 million by 2030 and to 700 million by 2045 [19]. Metformin (MET) is generally accepted as the first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes and is currently the most commonly used oral agent for this condition [20]. MET is effective as monotherapy and in combination with other glucose-lowering medications [21]. MET has superior or equivalent efficacy of glucose-lowering compared to other oral antidiabetic agents and reduces microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes; more limited data support a beneficial effect to reduce macrovascular disease as well. MET does not typically cause weight gain and in some cases causes mild weight reduction. In patients with impaired glucose tolerance, treatment with MET delays the progression to diabetes. Prescriptions of MET raised from 51.6 million in 2008 to 61.6 million in 2012 [22]. In 2013, MET was prescribed for 83.6% of patients with type 2 diabetes in UK [23]. MET is the sixth prescribed product in the United States. IQVIA report of medicines spending and affordability in the United States for 2020 stated that the number of MET prescriptions in 2019 was 80 million [24]. Also, MET is the third most prescribed drug in India [25,26].