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Organ Cross-Talk Regulates (Brain) Insulin Action
Published in André Kleinridders, Physiological Consequences of Brain Insulin Action, 2023
Besides IGF1 and FGF21, there are other beneficial hepatokines that improve glucose homeostasis, such as activin-E, ANGPTL6, GDF15, lipocalin 13, and SMOC1. They are not further discussed here but can be studied in a review (166).
Adipose Tissue (Adipokinome), Skeletal Muscle (Myokinome), and Liver (Hepatokinome) as Endocrine Regulators During Exercise
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Logan K. Townsend, Greg L. McKie, Hesham Shamshoum, David C. Wright
The liver plays a major role in regulating whole-body energy metabolism and contributes to both energy storage and utilization. Because of this, physiological challenges, like exercise, can profoundly affect liver metabolism (48). Similar to the bioactive signalling molecules secreted from skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, factors secreted primarily from the liver that enter circulation and affect distant tissues/organs have been termed “hepatokines.” Identification of hepatokines is more recent than myokines and adipokines, and most research has focused on their role in metabolic diseases. For example, two hepatokines, fetuin-A (104) and selenoprotein P (87), are increased in obesity and contribute to the development of insulin resistance.
Hepatokine levels during the first or early second trimester of pregnancy and the subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Biomarkers, 2021
Zixin Cai, Yan Yang, Jingjing Zhang
To this end, a number of biochemical markers have been investigated for their potential functions as a source of numerous hormones referred to as hepatokines (Abdul-Wahed et al.2014). These hormones, including fetuin-A, FGF21, afamin, adropin, ficolin-3, selenoprotein P, AGF, and ANGPTL4, have all been connected with the regulation of glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. Dysregulation of this network is a critical factor in insulin sensitivity (Abdullah et al.2012, Dąbrowski et al.2016, Popova et al.2018, Yuan et al.2018, Köninger et al.2019, Kampmann et al.2019, Ravnsborg et al.2019, Lee et al.2019). Although there have been abundant human studies on hepatokines and GDM, conclusions have been contradictory. Moreover, the sample sizes of previous studies have been too small to draw a stable conclusion.
Concentration dependence of human and mouse aryl hydrocarbon receptor responsiveness to polychlorinated biphenyl exposures: Implications for aroclor mixtures
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Hongxue Shi, Josiah E. Hardesty, Jian Jin, Kimberly Z. Head, K. Cameron Falkner, Matthew C. Cave, Russell Allen Prough
Humans are exposed to PCB mixtures rather than individual congeners. These mixtures include both DL and NDL PCBs. Previously, we have shown that an environmentally dose of Aroclor 1260 (20 mg/kg) was a ‘second hit’ leading to the progression of fatty liver disease in animal models (Wahlang et al., 2014b, 2016, 2017). However, dioxin-like PCBs are not major constituents of Aroclor 1260. Aroclor 1260 at a dose of 200, but not 20 mg/kg was associated with increased expression of the AhR reporter gene, Cyp1a2 (Wahlang et al., 2014b). In recent in vivo studies, we spiked supplemental PCB 126 (0.1%) into the Aroclor 1260 which was added at 10 μg/ml for Aroclor 1260 and 32 nM for PCB126 (Shi et al., 2018). Altered hepatokines and Pnpla3 expression contributing to altered fat metabolism and NAFLD was noted.
Anti-diabetic drugs and NASH: from current options to promising perspectives
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2021
Sarra Smati, Clémence M Canivet, Jérôme Boursier, Bertrand Cariou
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) belongs to a family of signaling proteins that regulate reproduction, development and metabolism [90], and their receptors, the FGF receptors (FGFR) are a family of membrane spanning receptor tyrosine kinases. The hepatokine FGF21 is a peptide secreted mainly by the liver that can influence metabolic processes through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling [90]. This hormone is known to reduce sugar intake, hepatic triglycerides and to increase insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, weight loss, and adipose tissue browning, according to species. FGF21 binds to ‘c’ isoform of FGFR1, 2, and 3, with the obligatory binding of the coreceptor βKlotho (KLB).